Disease relevance of Glomerular Basement Membrane

• Apo E and apo B were found recently to accumulate within these IDs, and evidence was provided that their lipids may undergo peroxidation, causing glomerular basement membrane damage and proteinuria [1].
• To characterize the autoantigen of Goodpasture's (anti-glomerular basement membrane) disease, a molecule of 26-kD reactive with autoantibodies from patients' sera was purified from collagenase digests of sheep glomerular basement membrane [2].
• Autosomal recessive Alport syndrome is a progressive hematuric glomerulonephritis characterized by glomerular basement membrane abnormalities and associated with mutations in either the COL4A3 or the COL4A4 gene, which encode the alpha3 and alpha4 type IV collagen chains, respectively [3].
• Amyloid P component is not present in the glomerular basement membrane in Alport-type hereditary nephritis [4].
• By immunogold electron microscopy TNF-alpha was localized in membranous nephropathy within the visceral glomerular epithelial cells, and also in the glomerular basement membrane, especially in relation to immune deposits [5].

High impact information on Glomerular Basement Membrane

• S-laminin/laminin beta 2, a homologue of the widely distributed laminin B1/beta 1 chain, is a major component of adult renal glomerular basement membrane (GBM) [6].
• TEM analysis of the glomerular basement membranes (GBM) during development of renal pathology revealed focal multilaminated thickening and thinning beginning in the external capillary loops at 4 weeks and spreading throughout the GBM by 8 weeks [7].
• Antibodies to basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans bind to the laminae rarae of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and induce subepithelial GBM thickening [8].
• Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a normal plasma protein that is of interest because of its presence in amyloid deposits, its presence in normal human glomerular basement membrane, and its stable evolutionary conservation [9].
• In rats receiving PEI, deposits were localized within the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of all peripheral capillary walls and in the mesangium [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Glomerular Basement Membrane

• Abnormalities in the incorporation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan into the glomerular basement membrane have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various proteinuric states, including diabetes mellitus [11].
• Reduction of heparan sulphate-associated anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy [12].
• Low serum levels of complement components C3 and C4, focal reduplication of the glomerular basement membrane on light microscopy, and the patterns of glomerular localization of IgG and C3 by immunofluorescence were characteristic of type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis [13].
• Analysis of anionic charge of the glomerular basement membrane in aminonucleoside nephrosis [14].
• OBJECTIVE: Although angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are known to reduce albuminuria by preserving glomerular basement membrane anionic content, the effects of angiotensin II receptor blockage are currently not known [15].

Biological context of Glomerular Basement Membrane

• The hypothesis that human glomerular basement membrane glycopeptide fractions related to collagenous sequences could act as a lectin-like substance was explored; in fact, extracellular glycoprotein factors play a role in cell-cell interactions and cell adhesion [16].
• Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the kidneys of patients with CNF, with subsequent lipid peroxidation at the glomerular basement membrane [17].
• In human tissues, GPBP shows a more limited expression than GPBPDelta26 but displays a remarkable preference for the small vessels and for histological structures targeted by natural autoimmune responses including alveolar and glomerular basement membranes, the two main targets in Goodpasture disease [18].
• The molecular mechanisms of heparan sulfate proteoglycan downregulation in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of the kidneys with diabetic nephropathy remain controversial [19].
• TGF-beta1 causes an increase in mesangial matrix deposition and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening and may promote podocyte apoptosis or detachment [20].

Anatomical context of Glomerular Basement Membrane

• In contrast, J5 and BA-3 did not react with primitive epithelium but identified visceral and proximal tubular epithelium after appearance of the glomerular basement membrane and throughout subsequent nephron differentiation [21].
• Laminin beta2 is known to be abundantly expressed in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) where it is thought to play a key role in anchoring as well as differentiation of podocyte foot processes [22].
• Recent studies have shown that heparin increases the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate in endothelial cell cultures and prevents the characteristic glomerular basement membrane thickening when given to diabetic rats [23].
• When isolated monocytes were incubated with human glomerular basement membrane (GBM) containing anti-GBM immune complexes, both TNF and IL-1 were produced and secreted into the medium [24].
• The mean values expressed as nmol lysine-bound glucose per mumol phenylalanine were 34 for tendon, 13 for aorta, 16 for coronary artery, 23.5 for femoral nerve, 10 for glomerular basement membrane, and 30 for lung parenchyma for tissues from nondiabetics and 86, 39.5, 34, 60, 29, and 57 for tissues form diabetics, respectively [25].

Associations of Glomerular Basement Membrane with chemical compounds

• Glomerulopathy in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Accumulation of glomerular basement membrane analogous to human diabetic nephropathy [26].
• It could not be eluted by high-ionic-strength saline, EDTA, dithiothreitol, or either polar or nonpolar detergents, but was released into solution when isolated glomerular basement membrane was digested by highly purified bacterial collagenase [27].
• Proteases substituted with biotin were targeted via the cationic protein avidin A, which by virtue of its charge has affinity for the glomerular basement membrane [28].
• Micropuncture measurements were performed in euvolemic Munich-Wistar rats 2 h after i.v. administration of 0.8 ml of rabbit serum (group 1, n = 6), 0.8 ml of rabbit anti-rat glomerular basement membrane antibody in the absence (group 2, n = 8), or presence (group 3, n = 7) of the new highly specific LTD4 receptor antagonist SK&F 104353 [29].
• Cationized ferritin (CF) of narrow pI range (7.3-7.5) and the basic dye ruthenium red (RR) have been used as cationic probes to partially characterize anionic sites previously demonstrated in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) [30].

Gene context of Glomerular Basement Membrane

• Expression of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) collagens is reduced in Lmx1b(-/-) mice, suggesting one basis for NPS nephropathy [31].
• The glomerular basement membrane fibrillar material was specifically labeled with anti-type III collagen antibodies, suggesting a possible regulation of type III collagen expression by LMX1B [32].
• To address this possibility, the development of sheep anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane globulin-induced crescentic GN was studied in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), IL-12-deficient (IL-12 -/-), and IL-12 "chimeric" mice [33].
• Inactive matrix metalloproteinase 2 is a normal constituent of human glomerular basement membrane. An immuno-electron microscopic study [34].
• Here, we analyzed kidney development in Lama5 mutant embryos and found a striking defect in glomerulogenesis associated with an abnormal glomerular basement membrane (GBM) [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Glomerular Basement Membrane

• Immunofluorescence studies showed that all Fx1A rats developed large, diffuse, granular deposits along the glomerular basement membrane which stained brightly for IgG and C3; only 11 of the 15 MVH rats had definite deposits; in most rats, they were small and stained only moderately for IgG and faintly or not at all for C3 [36].
• A proteoglycan, accounting for about 75% of the total hexuronic acid of the bovine glomerular basement membrane, was solubilized by 4 M guanidine HCl extraction and purified by filtration on Sepharose CL-6B [37].
• With immunoelectron microscopy, agrin was found in the glomerular basement membrane, dystroglycan was diffusely found over the entire cell surface of the podocytes, and utrophin was localized in the cytoplasm of the podocyte foot processes [38].
• The nephrotoxicity of one intravenous injection of antibodies directed against rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was markedly suppressed by treatment with a stable analog of prostaglandin E1 (15-(S)-15-methyl PGE1; 15-M-PGE1) [39].
• The macromolecular components of bovine glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and lens capsules (anterior and posterior) solubilized by sequential extractions with denaturing agents were quantitated and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, CL-6B filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography with the help of immunochemical techniques [40].

References