Disease relevance of Patella

• Recessively inherited multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with normal stature, club foot, and double layered patella caused by a DTDST mutation [1].
• METHODS: 35 patients with SpA (ankylosing spondylitis 27; psoriatic arthritis 7; reactive arthritis 1) underwent independent clinical and ultrasonographic examination of both lower limbs at five entheseal sites-superior pole and inferior pole of patella, tibial tuberosity, Achilles tendon, and plantar aponeurosis [2].
• In this review, the phenotype and gene defects of syndromes with congenital patellar aplasia or hypoplasia will be discussed, including the nail patella syndrome, small patella syndrome, isolated patella aplasia hypoplasia, Meier-Gorlin syndrome, RAPADILINO syndrome, and genitopatellar syndrome [3].
• Steroid-related bilateral osteonecrosis of the patella [4].
• Patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving either the Advantim or Profix knee component performed as well as patients with osteoarthritis when the patella was not resurfaced [5].

Psychiatry related information on Patella

• Genitopatellar syndrome is a recently described disorder with characteristic facies, genital anomalies, absent patella, flexion contractures, microcephaly, renal anomalies, and mental retardation [6].

High impact information on Patella

• Here we provide experimental evidence for such homology by showing that an orthologue of hedgehog, an important gene in midline patterning in vertebrates, is expressed along the belly of the larva of the limpet Patella vulgata [7].
• Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome [8].
• Two of the probands with a multipartite patella had the homozygous DTDST mutation [9].
• Patella aplasia-hypoplasia (PTLAH) is a rare genetic defect characterized by congenital absence or marked reduction of the patella [10].
• Expression pattern of Brachyury in the mollusc Patella vulgata suggests a conserved role in the establishment of the AP axis in Bilateria [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Patella

• Steroid induced avascular necrosis of the patella in an ulcerative colitis patient [12].
• Effect of taping the patella on concentric and eccentric torque and EMG of knee extensor and flexor muscles in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome [13].
• Arthroscopy revealed urate crystals surrounded by inflammatory synovitis on the surface of the bipartite patella [14].

Biological context of Patella

• Transcriptional regulation of tubulin gene expression in differentiating trochoblasts during early development of Patella vulgata [15].
• Velocity of ultrasound at the patella: influence of age, menopause and estrogen replacement therapy [16].
• As a first step in analyzing the function of a cdc25 homolog during the embryonic development of Patella vulgata (Pv), genomic clones encoding these stringlike proteins (Stl) were isolated and characterized [17].
• Protein binding of cadmium, zinc and copper in environmentally insulted limpets Patella vulgata [18].
• Without prior isolation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, ester sulfate in mouse patellar cartilage is liberated quantitatively as inorganic sulfate upon acid hydrolysis in 3 M HCl for 16 h at 80 degrees C. To this end the articular cartilage layer of the patella must be separated in toto from the underlying bone [19].

Anatomical context of Patella

• RESULTS: Triple injections of 20 ng or 200 ng of TGFbeta into normal murine knee joints induced significant osteophyte formation at the lateral and medial sites of the patella and femur on day 7 after the last injection [20].
• By contrast, there was a significant increase in cellularity in the patella, femoral and tibial cartilages of the steroid-treated animals as compared with that observed in the contralateral control joint [21].
• Molybdate (15 mmol/kg, po) did not alter total GAG content in patella and articular cartilage of rats assayed 24 hr after administration [22].
• In vivo studies show that peptide-coated PMMA pellets implanted into the patella groove of rabbits are integrated into the regenerating bone tissue faster and more strongly than uncoated pellets [23].
• Glutaraldehyde-treated bovine meniscal fibrocartilage has been used as a heterotopic bioprosthesis to repair large osteochondral defects in the canine patella [24].

Associations of Patella with chemical compounds

• A homozygous R279W mutation was recently found in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene, DTDST, in a patient with MED who had a club foot and double-layered patella [9].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed in eight human cadaveric patella specimens immediately and 4 hours after placement into a vessel filled with gadopentetate dimeglumine solution (2.5 mmol/L) [25].
• After adjustment for age and creatinine clearance, the positive relation of patella lead to urinary lead was stronger among subjects in the upper two NTx tertiles (beta for patella lead > or =0.015) than in the lowest NTx tertile (beta for patella lead = 0.008; overall p-value for interactions = 0.06) [26].
• Sagittal images produced similar data to that obtained with transverse (patella) or coronal (tibia) sections, demonstrating that all knee joint cartilages can be accurately quantified from a single sagittal data set [27].
• Molybdate did not affect GAG chain elongation, as there was no effect of molybdate on [3H]glucosamine uptake into patella cartilage [22].

Gene context of Patella

• There was evidence that the relation between age and patella lead was modified by both the VDR and eNOS genotypes [28].
• After the collagenase treatment, the general innervation pattern was comparable to that of the controls, but CGRP and SP innervation was no longer detectable with the antibodies in the plica tissues, and was to a lesser extent detectable in the fat pad of the patella, in the lateral borders of the patella and in the proliferated synovial tissues [29].
• A rich innervation of thin varicose calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactive fibers was found in the joint capsule, in the periosteum of the patella, in the synovial tissues at the lateral border of the patella, in the femoral groove, and in the subchondral bone of the patella and femur [29].
• Here, we show that, in the gastropod mollusc Patella vulgata, an engrailed ortholog is expressed in the edge of the embryonic shell and in the anlage of the apical sensory organ [30].
• Ten fresh cadaver knees were prepared by isolating the patella, leaving only the MPFL as its attachment to the medial femoral condyle [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Patella

• These findings suggest that, in order to diminish pain on standing and on using stairs, replacement of the patella during total knee arthroplasty is preferable for patients who have rheumatoid arthritis [32].
• Intra-articular injection of iodoacetate in vivo inhibited the proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage from the central part of the patella [33].
• We now routinely resurface the patella in all patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who have a total knee replacement [34].
• CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography should be used in the future to assure precise diagnosis and to guide the peritendinous injection of steroid in chronic Achilles and patella tendinitis [35].
• Between September 1992 and December 1996 we reviewed three transverse displaced fractures of the patella occuring in 1,320 ACL reconstructions using bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft [36].

References