Disease relevance of T

• Human endothelial cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the coding sequence of the large T protein of simian virus 40 [1].
• Crystal structure of T-protein of the glycine cleavage system. Cofactor binding, insights into H-protein recognition, and molecular basis for understanding nonketotic hyperglycinemia [2].
• The overall fold of T-protein is similar to that of the C-terminal tetrahydrofolate-binding region (residues 421-830) of Arthrobacter globiformis dimethylglycine oxidase [2].
• Brachyury, a crucial regulator of notochordal development, is a novel biomarker for chordomas [3].
• POJ cells constitutively express a functional T protein that complements the replication defect of lethal early-region mutations in JC virus [4].

Psychiatry related information on T

• CONCLUSION: Although the stereo viewing system promises improved depth perception and the TFT and image projection displays are supposed to improve hand-eye coordination, none of these systems provided better task performance than the standard viewing system in this pelvi-trainer experiment [5].

High impact information on T

• To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the expression of brachyury, otx and goosecoid homologues in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii, which develops by means of a trochophora larva-the primary, ciliary larva prototypic for Protostomia [6].
• Mutations in Brachyury and other T-box genes result in drastic embryonic phenotypes, indicating that T-box gene products are essential in tissue specification, morphogenesis and organogenesis [7].
• Among those, homologs to forkhead, emx, aristaless, goosecoid, brachyury, wnt and nanos genes are regulated during apical patterning in cnidarians, suggesting that key components of early organizer activity were conserved across evolution and recruited for either anterior, axial, or dorso-ventral patterning in bilaterians [8].
• The C-terminal region binds tetrahydrofolate, comprises three domains arranged in a ring-like structure and is related to the T-protein of the glycine cleavage system [9].
• Brachyury is the founder member of the T-box family of transcription factors, which is characterized by a DNA-binding domain of approximately 200 amino acids [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of T

• The bifunctional T-protein, thought to be encoded by fused ancestral genes for chorismate mutase and CDH, was found to be present in enteric bacteria (Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Erwinia, Serratia, Morganella, Cedecea, Kluyvera, Hafnia, Edwardsiella, Yersinia, and Proteus) and in Aeromonas and Alteromonas [11].
• Reverse transcription-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses indicate that mRNA and protein encoded by the Brachyury gene are expressed by the pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA2 and are only modestly down-regulated during retinoic acid-induced differentiation [12].
• Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis: characterization of strains by multilocus enzyme genotype, M and T protein serotype, and pyrogenic exotoxin gene probing [13].
• L-TFT has been found: (i) to inhibit HSV-1 TK with activity comparable to TFT, with no effect on human TK, (ii) to be phosphorylated by the viral enzyme with similar efficiency to TFT, (iii) to be resistant, in contrast to TFT, to hydrolysis by human thymidine phosphorylase [14].

Biological context of T

• We find that Tbx3 binds the canonical Brachyury binding site as a monomer and represses transcription [15].
• The defining feature of the family is a conserved sequence coding for a DNA-binding motif known as the T-box, named after the first-discovered T-box gene, T or Brachyury [16].
• While all were expressed during embryogenesis, only four of them (CpTbx2, CpTbx3, CpUbiqT and brachyury) were detected in developing limbs and/or tails [17].
• Except for brachyury, they were continuously expressed in normal adult appendages and showed elevated expression levels in regenerating limbs, whereas only CpTbx2 showed significant up-regulation in regenerating tails [17].
• The 5' flanking region of both HrBra and HrTbx6 contains T-protein binding motifs near their minimal promoters that are associated with the autoregulative activation of these genes [18].

Anatomical context of T

• We investigated the hypothesis, that the entocodon could be homologous to the third germ layer of bilaterians by analyzing the structures and expression patterns of the homologues of Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail in the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea [19].
• The epiblast shows a stage-dependent and topographically restricted susceptibility to express Brachyury, a T-box gene pivotal for mesoderm formation, and to transform into (histologically proven) mesoderm [20].
• To model these developmental stages in vitro, an ES cell line was established that expresses CD4 from the foxa2 locus in addition to GFP from the brachyury locus [21].
• Brachyury, the blastopore and the evolution of the mesoderm [22].
• The role of Brachyury and other T-box genes in the differentiation of mesoderm and endoderm of vertebrates is well established [22].

Associations of T with chemical compounds

• T-protein, one of the components of the glycine cleavage system, catalyzes the synthesis of the H-protein-bound intermediate from methylenetetrahydrofolate, ammonia, and H-protein having a reduced lipoyl prosthetic group (Okamura-Ikeda, K., Fujiwara, K., and Motokawa, Y. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 135-139) [23].
• Tetrahydrofolate (or folinic acid) is bound near the center of the tripartite T-protein [2].
• Thiophene-based n-type semiconductors exhibiting similar film morphologies and microstructures on various bilayer gate dielectrics therefore provide an incisive means to probe TFT performance parameters versus semiconductor-dielectric interface relationships [24].
• T-protein, a component of the glycine cleavage system, catalyzes the formation of ammonia and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate from the aminomethyl moiety of glycine attached to the lipoate cofactor of H-protein [25].
• These hydrogen bonding networks are employed in holding not only the folate-binding space but also the positions and the orientations of alpha-helix G and the following loop in the middle region, which seems to play a pivotal role in the T-protein catalysis [25].

Physical interactions of T

• The JCV T protein binds cellular p53 (a tumor suppressor gene product), which as a result loses its normal down regulating influence on the cell cycle [26].
• E2F-6 is found in a multimeric protein complex that contains Mga and Max, and thus the complex can bind not only to the E2F-binding site but also to Myc- and Brachyury-binding sites [27].

Enzymatic interactions of T

• Therefore, it was concluded that the loss of glycine decarboxylase activity was due to an inhibition of the reaction catalyzed by T-protein, which required ATP for its activation [28].

Other interactions of T

• Here, we describe the first Brachyury and a Tbx2/3 homologue from a ctenophore [29].
• However, the T-box gene Brachyury could be isolated from sponges, placozoans and cnidarians [29].
• The most proximal of these Brachyury elements is most significant quantitatively in mediating T-bet-dependent promoter augmentation [30].
• We identified several additional monomeric Brachyury consensus elements within the proximal IFN-gamma promoter that operate cooperatively to increase both constitutive and stimulated promoter activity [30].
• The N terminus of Arix contains an amino acid motif similar to a region in Brachyury and Pax9 transcription factors [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of T

• Forced expression of Brachyury in C3H10T1/2 was sufficient for differentiation into the chondrogenic lineage in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into muscle [32].
• We isolated Brachyury from molgulid ascidians, which have evolved tailless larvae multiple times independently, and found the genes appear functional by cDNA sequence analyses [33].
• Immunoprecipitation of protein extracts from virus infected cells revealed that the JCV large T protein from both the prototype Mad and HEK adapted strains migrated as a 94-kDa protein in denaturing polyacrylamide gels [34].
• The gene for human aminomethyltransferase (AMT), also known as the T-protein of the glycine cleavage system, was isolated from a human placental cosmid library and examined by restriction mapping, polymerase chain reaction analysis, and DNA sequencing [35].
• Oligonucleotide-arrayed TFT photosensor applicable for DNA chip technology [36].

References