Disease relevance of Lepidoptera

• Only Magi 6 did not compete with the scorpion toxin LqhalphaIT in binding to site 3 despite high toxicity on lepidoptera larvae of 3.1 nmol/g. The K(i)s of other toxins were between 50 pM for Magi 4 and 1747 nM for Magi 1 [1].
• To gain further insights into the structure-function relationships of the lactoferrin binding site, we first expressed the cDNA encoding human lactoferrin in the lepidoptera Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf9) using a recombinant baculovirus [2].
• Effects of Serratia marcescens on the F1 generation of laboratory-reared Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [3].
• Relative effectiveness of selected stilbene optical brighteners as enhancers of the beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus [4].
• Thermitase (a serine protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris) and insect gut proteases from Diptera and Lepidoptera exhibit the same hydrolytic effect on Cry11A [5].

High impact information on Lepidoptera

• Using maize genotypes derived from Antiquan germ plasm that are resistant to Lepidoptera, we have demonstrated that a unique 33-kD cysteine proteinase accumulates in the whorl in response to larval feeding [6].
• Here we show that cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcodes effectively discriminate among species in three Lepidoptera families from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica [7].
• Desaturation of coenzyme-A esters of saturated fatty acids is a common feature of sex pheromone biosynthetic pathways in the Lepidoptera [8].
• The moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is protected against predation by pyrrolizidine alkaloids that it sequesters as a larva from its foodplants [9].
• Insect pheromone biosynthesis: stereochemical pathway of hydroxydanaidal production from alkaloidal precursors in Creatonotos transiens (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Lepidoptera

• Toxicity and residual activity of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) [11].
• Toxicity, penetration, tissue distribution, and metabolism of methyl parathion in Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [12].
• Toxicity of pyrethroids and effect of synergists to larval and adult Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [13].
• Toxicities of emamectin benzoate homologues and photodegradates to Lepidoptera [14].
• Nitric oxide production by the hemocytes of the last instar larvae and sessile pharate prepupa of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was demonstrated in vitro in response to preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli using the Griess reaction [15].

Biological context of Lepidoptera

• A unique 33-kD cysteine proteinase accumulates in response to larval feeding in maize genotypes resistant to fall armyworm and other Lepidoptera [6].
• Phylogeny of Agrodiaetus Hübner 1822 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) inferred from mtDNA sequences of COI and COII and nuclear sequences of EF1-alpha: karyotype diversification and species radiation [16].
• This chiral compound, 12-iodo-JH I, has an iodine atom replacing a methyl group of the natural insect juvenile hormone, JH I, which is important in regulating morphogenesis and reproduction in the Lepidoptera [17].
• We have selected heliomicin, a broad spectrum antifungal CS alpha beta peptide from Lepidoptera as the starting point of a lead optimization program based on phylogenic exploration and fine tuned mutagenesis [18].
• Phylogeography of Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera) based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene and control region [19].

Anatomical context of Lepidoptera

• Thus, the regular (eupyrene) meiotic divisions and the presence of a lysine-rich protein fraction in the cytoplasm of the dividing spermatocytes of Lepidoptera, are probably related [20].
• The results of this study indicate that proctolin is of general occurrence in the Lepidoptera, that it has an important role in the stomatogastric nervous system, and that it may be released as a local neurohormone from various neurohemal organs [21].
• Antennal SNMPs (sensory neuron membrane proteins) of Lepidoptera define a unique family of invertebrate CD36-like proteins [22].
• In brush border membrane vesicles from the midgut of Philosamia cynthia larvae (Lepidoptera) the L- and D-alanine uptake is dependent on a potassium gradient and on transmembrane electrical potential difference [23].
• Chloride transport across the integumentary epithelium of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) [24].

Associations of Lepidoptera with chemical compounds

• A nuclear gene for higher level phylogenetics: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase tracks mesozoic-age divergences within Lepidoptera (Insecta) [25].
• Within the insect clade, four methionine-rich proteins, four arylphorins, and two juvenile hormone-suppressible proteins from Lepidoptera, as well as two dipteran proteins, form four separate groups [26].
• One of them, ethylene signaling, increases susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the generalist herbivore Egyptian cotton worm (Spodoptera littoralis; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [27].
• Ecdysone seems to be the optimal substrate (kcat/Km=7101.1), whereas 3-dehydroecdysone, an ecdysone precursor in Lepidoptera, is seven times less favourable (kcat/Km=1085.7) [28].
• All of the sphingomyelins were associated with their doubly unsaturated sphingosine, tetradecasphing-4,6-dienine (compound 2), which contained the same set of fatty acids as compound 1 and represents a novel set of sphingomyelins not previously reported in Lepidoptera [29].

Gene context of Lepidoptera

• The inferred branching patterns of the LW opsin gene family phylogeny indicate at least one early gene duplication within insects before the emergence of the orders Orthoptera, Mantodea, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera [30].
• Analysis of 19 insect cecropin genes identifies a common ancestral Cecropin before the divergence of Diptera and Lepidoptera [31].
• These findings have implications for the identification of critical structural features of E75 and also suggest that E75 has a conserved function and a shared ligand in Lepidoptera [32].
• We examined the nature of this diversity for the first time by analyzing sequences of cDNAs encoding two ferritin subunits from one species, Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) [33].
• CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Dll function, suppressed in the abdomen early in insect evolution, has been derepressed in Lepidoptera, and also suggest that there is a common mechanism underlying the formation of all insect appendages [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Lepidoptera

• These toxins caused the complete flaccid paralysis of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae (LD(50) 4-10 microg/g), whereas they were inactive upon intravenous injections into mice [35].
• Artificial feeding assays were used to study the effect of purified galactose-specific lectins from African yam beans (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) on development of larvae of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) and the legume pod-borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera : Pyrialidae) [36].
• Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays [37].

References