Disease relevance of Carrier State

• Nonsense mutation and truncated GP Ib alpha polypeptide were found to cosegregate in four individuals through three generations and were associated with either Bernard-Soulier syndrome or carrier state phenotype [1].
• Relation of the hepatitis B virus carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma [2].
• AIMS: To assess the prevalence of HFE mutations in Scottish HCV infected patients and to explore the effect of the carrier state on serum and liver iron stores, and the severity of liver disease [3].
• CONCLUSION: The carrier state of one copy of the c2 CYP2E1 gene increases the risk of hepatoma in previously regular ethanol users with chronic liver disease [4].
• However, it is unclear whether these LCVs have adopted or maintained the same mechanisms used by EBV to express essential viral proteins, such as EBNA-1, in the face of cell-mediated repression of EBV gene expression that occurs upon establishment of the asymptomatic carrier state [5].

High impact information on Carrier State

• These results provide direct evidence that products (organelle, membrane and structural proteins) derived from individual nuclei can remain localized in myotubes, a finding with implications both for neuromuscular synapse formation and for the carrier state of Duchenne muscular dystrophy [6].
• Patient records were reviewed to assess clinical correlates of the mutant p53 carrier state [7].
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: detection of carrier state by metabolic stress of platelets [8].
• Treatment of the carrier state in the chimpanzees was attempted with human leucocyte interferon, with and without ribavirin ('Virazole'), and with adenine arabinoside, but the effects were mostly temporary [9].
• The results offer a theoretic rationale for reduction in MRSA infections by interventions aimed at eliminating the carrier state [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Carrier State

• Are reference limits for serum creatine kinase valid in detection of the carrier state for Duchenne muscular dystrophy [11]?
• Lactulose therapy in Shigella carrier state and acute dysentery [12].
• We carried out a nonrandomized, unblinded study to compare the efficacy of rifampin alone with that of rifampin in combination with trimethoprim in the eradication of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) carrier state among contacts of patients with invasive HIB infection [13].
• The importance of serum pyruvate kinase in neuromuscular diseases and carrier states [14].
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nosocomial acquisition and carrier state in a wound care center [15].

Biological context of Carrier State

• Unique point mutations were documented to be specifically associated with the disease and the carrier state in four unrelated affected males and their family members: one in a boy with no detectable IL2RG mRNA, in which the mutation ablated a splice donor site; one causing premature chain termination; and two causing distinct amino acid changes [16].
• For this reason, we undertook to further differentiate the T235 carrier state by constructing haplotypes with alleles in the 5' upstream region of AGT [17].
• In summary, using a haplotype to differentiate further the T235 carrier state, we observed an association of genotype with serum angiotensinogen level and blood pressure in blacks and whites [17].
• This result implies temporal or differentiation coupling between MVMi cycle and neuroblast morphogenesis, since proliferative granules of the EGL should primarily be infected but must migrate in a virus carrier state into the IGL in order to express the capsid proteins [18].
• Kinetics of infection in 129S6 mice and Slc11a1-deficient (129S6-Slc11a1(tm1Mcg)) mice demonstrated that the wild-type allele of Slc11a1 contributed to the S. enterica serovar Enteritidis carrier state as early as 7 days postinfection [19].

Anatomical context of Carrier State

• Erythrocyte PFK activity in his asymptomatic daughter was 63% of normal, compatible with a carrier state [20].
• Adrenoleukodystrophy carrier state presenting as a chronic nonprogressive spinal cord disorder [21].
• We provisionally conclude that EBV infection of the normal nasopharynx is not a regular feature of the virus carrier state and that screening nasopharyngeal biopsies for viral RNA markers of the latent cycle could be useful in NPC diagnosis [22].
• To gain some insight into the pathogenesis of proliferative lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice we investigated the kinetics of removal of immune complexes from the circulation, the carrier state of blood cells, the uptake of complexes by the mononuclear phagocyte system, and the localization of complexes in kidneys [23].
• Inhibition of coxsackievirus B3 carrier state infection of cultured human myocardial fibroblasts by ribavirin and human natural interferon-alpha [24].

Associations of Carrier State with chemical compounds

• In other families, when the affected member had less than 1 nmol/L factor IX antigen, heterozygosity for Thr/Ala alleles excluded the carrier state even when DNA studies were not informative [25].
• Levels of adenylate deaminase, adenylate kinase, and creatine kinase in frozen human muscle biopsy specimens relative to type 1/type 2 fiber distribution: evidence for a carrier state of myoadenylate deaminase deficiency [26].
• Carrier-state bacterial cells are resistant to ampicillin, and after several passages, they become resistant to high concentrations of another beta-lactam antibiotic, cefotaxime, due to mutations in the virus-borne bla gene [27].
• The carrier state was established experimentally with plaque-purified FMDV of serotype C3 [28].
• In men, the highest index of discrimination of the carrier state was the tetrahydrocorticosterone/allotetrahydrocorticosterone ratio, while in women, the etiocholanolone/androsterone ratio was more diagnostic [29].

Gene context of Carrier State

• In a subgroup of patients with TTP or HUS, the ADAMTS13 defect was inherited, as documented by half-normal levels of ADAMTS13 in their asymptomatic parents, consistent with the heterozygous carrier state [30].
• The MAPT H1 frequency tended to be higher in AD cases with AGD than in those without AGD, but there were no differences in APOE epsilon4 carrier state [31].
• RESULTS: A G-->T nucleotide change at position 238 in exon 3 of the RPGR gene resulting in a putative substitute of Gly-->Val at codon 60 was shown to segregate with RP in affected males and the carrier state in female heterozygotes in these two families [32].
• Thirty-five members of a Spanish family with X-linked RP were evaluated by linkage analysis using nine polymorphic markers (CYBB, DXS1110, M6, DXS6679, DXS1068, DXS1058, MAOA, MAOB and DXS6849) that map to the X-chromosome region Xp21.1 to Xp11.3, in an attempt to determine the carrier state of these females at risk [33].
• The especially frequent carrier state among the Ashkenazi Jewish population coupled with the high prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the same population has led us to search for coinheritance affecting the potential for cancer development [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Carrier State

• An attempt to eradicate the resident's nasal carriage of MRSA in January 1986 failed; eradication of his carrier state was achieved only after treatment with mupirocin [35].
• These novel facts have to be considered for differential diagnosis and definition of the FA carrier state [36].
• Bovine anaplasmosis: elimination of the carrier state with injectable long-acting oxytetracycline [37].
• The binding activity of HBsAg particles to polystyrene beads coated with polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA) was studied by radioimmunoassay in 48 patients with chronic HBsAg carrier state [38].
• Chemotherapy of East Coast fever: the long term weight changes, carrier state and disease manifestations of parvaquone treated cattle [39].

References