Disease relevance of Life Expectancy

• We conclude that patients with hemochromatosis diagnosed in the precirrhotic stage and treated by venesection have a normal life expectancy, whereas cirrhotic patients have a shortened life expectancy and a high risk of liver cancer even when complete iron depletion has been achieved [1].
• Since these granulomas signify chronic foreign-body reaction, we believe that until the long-term effects in humans are known, polytef paste should not be used in children or young adults with normal life expectancy [2].
• It is crucial to diagnose hemochromatosis before hepatic cirrhosis develops because phlebotomy therapy can avert serious chronic disease and can even lead to normal life expectancy [3].
• Delayed symptom onset and increased life expectancy in Sandhoff disease mice treated with N-butyldeoxynojirimycin [4].
• Among 35-year-old men, we projected that the population-wide increase in life expectancy would be about 1.1 years from strict blood pressure control, 0.8 years from smoking cessation, 0.7 years from reduction of serum cholesterol to 200 mg/dl, and about 0.6 years from weight loss to ideal body weight [5].

Psychiatry related information on Life Expectancy

• Those with significant co-morbidity, dementia, or a short life-expectancy should be treated with the lowest dose of levodopa required to maintain motor function [6].
• The arbitrary thresholds currently applied for decision making at the Thoraxcenter are: no reperfusion therapy when the estimated gain in discounted life expectancy was < 1 month, streptokinase for 1-4 months and accelerated alteplase for a gain > or = 5 months [7].
• Physical activity, from low to moderate to high, was significantly associated with more years of life expectancy in both smokers (9.5, 10.5, 12.9 years in men and 11.1, 12.6, 15.3 years in women at age 65) and nonsmokers (11.0, 14.4, 16.2 years in men and 12.7, 16.2, 18.4 years in women at age 65) [8].
• Rett syndrome results from mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, which are nearly always lethal in males and lead to regression and reduced life expectancy in females [9].
• Alzheimer's disease, CAD, and osteoporosis significantly affect the health and well-being of senior citizens in the United States. The fact that women have a longer life expectancy than men has led to the hypothesis that estrogen in some way imparts protection against these disease processes [10].

High impact information on Life Expectancy

• Suitability for radical prostatectomy generally requires a clinically localized, potentially life-threatening tumor [as defined by Gleason grade, tumor stage, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level], a life expectancy of 10 years, and no serious co-morbid medical conditions [11].
• The preponderance of data support the benefits of HRT in estrogen-deprived and menopausal women to reduce the risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease and to enhance quality of life and life expectancy [12].
• CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of a range of estimates of the incidence of cancer, prognosis, and efficacy of prophylactic surgery, our model suggests that prophylactic mastectomy provides substantial gains in life expectancy and prophylactic oophorectomy more limited gains for young women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations [13].
• As compared with streptokinase plus heparin, heparin alone provided 29 days of additional life expectancy over the predicted life expectancy of 20 years [14].
• Treatment of the long-lived InR dwarfs with a juvenile hormone analog restores life expectancy toward that of wild-type controls [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Life Expectancy

• Despite dramatic gains in life expectancy in the deferoxamine era for patients with transfusion-dependent anemias, the leading cause of death for young adults with thalassemia major and related disorders has been cardiac disease from myocardial iron deposition [16].
• Dexamethasone alone increases life expectancy in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (MM); however, no large randomized study has compared dexamethasone and dexamethasone-based regimens with standard melphalan-prednisone in newly diagnosed MM patients ineligible for high-dose therapy [17].
• For recent tuberculin converters aged 20 to 64 years who are seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus, isoniazid preventive therapy provides a small increase in life expectancy [18].
• However, the interpatient variability for warfarin therapy was also important: 11 patients (16%) with atrial fibrillation rated the utility of warfarin therapy so low that their quality-adjusted life expectancy would be greater with aspirin [19].
• METHODS: We developed a decision analytic Markov model to compare the effects of alendronate therapy, raloxifene therapy, and HRT on risks of hip fracture, coronary heart disease (CHD), breast cancer, and life expectancy [20].

Biological context of Life Expectancy

• The periodic rupture of ovarian follicles in breeding-age A alpha-/- females does not appear to significantly diminish life expectancy relative to males; however, pregnancy uniformly results in fatal uterine bleeding around the tenth day of gestation [21].
• Prophylaxis for MAC for patients with CD4 cell counts of 0.050 x 10(9)/L (50/microL) or less produced smaller gains in quality-adjusted life expectancy; incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were $35000 per QALY saved for azithromycin and $74000 per QALY saved for rifabutin [22].
• Estimates of prevalence, asymptomatic intervals, probabilities of life-threatening clinical complications, symptom-specific life expectancy, and sensitivity and specificity of screening tests are based on our database of 170 hemochromatosis homozygotes and the published literature [23].
• Unlike Ref-1 null mice, which die very early in embryonic development, homozygous ref-1(C64A) mice are viable, they survive to normal life expectancy, and they display no overt abnormal phenotype [24].
• The observation that individuals with alleles of 37-39 repeats may survive unaffected beyond common life expectancy supports the presence of reduced penetrance for HD among some persons with repeat sizes which overlap the clinical range [25].

Anatomical context of Life Expectancy

• Toxic lesions were associated with phenylbutazone treatment in the kidney and digestive tract, appearing to have an adverse effect on life expectancy [26].
• Multiple single injections of a lentiviral vector expressing SMN in various muscles of SMA mice restored SMN to motor neurons, reduced motor neuron death, and increased the life expectancy by an average of 3 and 5 days (20% and 38%) compared with LacZ and untreated animals, respectively [27].
• Human endothelial cell life extension by telomerase expression [28].
• Population kinetics of precursors of IL 2-producing peripheral T lymphocytes: evidence for short life expectancy, continuous renewal, and post-thymic expansion [29].
• Patients younger than 75 years were eligible if they had stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer, a life expectancy > or = 12 weeks, hemoglobin > or = 10 g/dL, absolute granulocyte count > or = 10(9)/L, platelets > or = 100 x 10(9)/L, hepatic enzymes no more than three times the upper limit of normal, and serum creatinine < or = 130 micromol/L [30].

Associations of Life Expectancy with chemical compounds

• Men with favorable baseline serum cholesterol levels had an estimated greater life expectancy of 3.8 to 8.7 years [31].
• This benefit of isoniazid therapy increased patient life expectancy as much as 285 days [32].
• Use of aerosolized pentamidine as a first-line agent would result in a modest increase in cost and a decrease in life expectancy [33].
• CONCLUSION: Reflex HPV DNA testing provides the same or greater life expectancy benefits and is more cost-effective than other management strategies for women diagnosed as having ASC-US [34].
• These findings indicate that although L-dopa may improve life expectancy during the first 6 years of therapy the protective effect subsequently declines [35].

Gene context of Life Expectancy

• INTERPRETATION: Although PKD2 is clinically milder than PKD1, it has a deleterious impact on overall life expectancy and cannot be regarded as a benign disorder [36].
• Importantly, old-1 is required for the life extension of age-1 and daf-2 mutants [37].
• The HSP104 gene, which is largely responsible for induced thermotolerance in yeast, was necessary for life extension induced by transient heat stress [38].
• RAS1, on the other hand, appears to have a role in signaling life extension induced by transient, mild heat stress, which is distinct from its life-span-curtailing effect in the absence of stress and its lack of involvement in the response to chronic heat stress [38].
• Compared to ADPKD, polycystic liver disease (PCLD) is a milder disease and does not lower life expectancy [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Life Expectancy

• Both melphalan and cyclophosphamide increase life expectancy in patients with myelomatosis, but few large randomised studies have compared combination chemotherapy regimens with these single agents [40].
• RESULTS: If a favorable set of assumptions is used, one-time digital rectal examination and PSA measurement may increase average life expectancy by approximately 2 weeks at a reasonable marginal cost for men who are between 50 and 69 years of age [41].
• RESULTS: Baseline analysis showed IFN alpha treatment to increase the quality-adjusted life expectancy by 15.5 and 12.5 months relative to conventional chemotherapy, in scenarios A and B, respectively [42].
• Living donor liver transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A life-expectancy and cost-effectiveness perspective [43].
• Evaluation of life expectancy in selection of patients undergoing percutaneous cervical cordotomy or subarachnoid phenol block for pain control of costopleural syndrome [44].

References