Disease relevance of Contraception

• A subgroup was formed of women who did not have a history of alcoholism, premenopausal amenorrhea, kidney disease, estrogen use, birth control pill use, thyroid disease, steroid use, hysterectomy, or smoking [1].
• OBJECTIVE--Safe and effective contraceptive methods are essential for women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), but opinions on the use of hormonal oral contraceptives by these women are conflicting [2].
• Serum transferrin concentrations were low in patients with anemia resulting from malignancy, chronic disorders, and cirrhosis of the liver, and high or normal in patients with iron deficiency anemia and in pregnant women or women who were taking birth-control pills [3].
• The cyclohexenyl pyridyl NNIs, especially N-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl] N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea in combination with the urea analog, show unique clinical potential as anti-HIV spermicides aimed at curbing the sexual transmission of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 while providing effective fertility control for women [4].
• Altogether, intramuscular testosterone undecanoate appears to be well suited for long-term substitution therapy in hypogonadism and hormonal male contraception [5].

Psychiatry related information on Contraception

• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Previous knowledge of contraceptive methods, decision making for tubal sterilisation, size of incision, advantages of use of local anaesthesia in the local setting, duration of hospital stay, conditions on follow up [6].

High impact information on Contraception

• Thus, Zar1 is the first identified oocyte-specific maternal-effect gene that functions at the oocyte-to-embryo transition and, as such, offers new insights into the initiation of embryonic development and fertility control in mammals [7].
• Luteal phase defects induced by an agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor: a model for fertility control [8].
• Male contraception; synergism of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and testosterone in suppressing gonadotropin [9].
• Letter: Retinitis pigmentosa and birth control pills [10].
• Sex differences and steroid hormones are known to influence the vascular system as shown by the different incidence of atherosclerosis in men and premenopausal women, or by the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women taking birth control pills or men taking estrogens [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Contraception

• Daily mifepristone could provide a novel contraceptive method which should be devoid of the risks associated with estrogen containing combined oral contraceptive (COC), e.g. venous thromboembolism [12].
• Weight gain in obese and nonobese adolescent girls initiating depot medroxyprogesterone, oral contraceptive pills, or no hormonal contraceptive method [13].
• In addition, women can be protected from tubal infertility by using barrier, oral, or MPA contraceptive methods [14].
• Successful treatment of hirsutism in HAIR-AN syndrome using flutamide, spironolactone, and birth control therapy [15].
• High-dosage parenteral testosterone (T) esters alone or in combination with a progestogen (eg, depot medroxyprogesterone) have been shown to confer effective and reversible male contraception in clinical trials, but these regimens are associated with weight gain and suppression of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels [16].

Biological context of Contraception

• We studied the effects of administration of a GnRH antagonist combined with testosterone (T) as an approach to male contraception as well as the role of intratesticular androgens in spermatogenesis using a nonhuman primate model [17].
• These data demonstrate that etonogestrel implants with depot testosterone provide effective suppression of spermatogenesis with reduced metabolic effects and are, therefore, a promising approach to the development of long-acting yet reversible male contraception [18].
• A history of condom use for more than one year was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent tubal pregnancy (RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.44, 1.26) adjusted for the effects of age, current use of contraceptive methods, educational level, and age at first intercourse [19].
• The fertility control gene finP, the transfer gene traM, and the transfer origin, oriT, of plasmid R100 were isolated on a single 1.2-kilobase EcoRV fragment and were then subcloned as HaeIII fragments [20].
• The literature contains conflicting descriptions of changes in glucose homeostasis during the menstrual cycle and while using birth control pills [21].

Anatomical context of Contraception

• The penetration of luminal epithelium in the uterine cavity represents the crucial event that triggers the failure of embryo implant, thus limiting the possibility of fertility control [22].
• Over the past 18 years, the WHO Task Force on Vaccines for Fertility Regulation has been supporting basic and clinical research on the development of birth control vaccines directed against the gametes or the preimplantation embryo [23].
• Conversely, preincubation of spermatozoa with TLCK, but not TPCK, produced inhibition of fertilization [24].
• Recent studies indicate that the endometrium is more susceptible to Mifepristone than are the hypothalamic and pituitary regions, and it may therefore be possible to develop a new contraceptive method based on low daily or once-weekly doses of Mifepristone that does not influence ovarian function [25].

Associations of Contraception with chemical compounds

• 19-nortestosterone appears to be a potential agent for male fertility control [26].
• Antiprogestins inhibit progesterone action by competing for binding to the progesterone receptor and are potentially important pharmaceuticals in fertility control and cancer therapy [27].
• In the 19 obligate hetrozygotes and 13 controls who were either pregnant or on birth control medication, the best separation was achieved with a linear discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine [28].
• Research should now be conducted to define an efficient and convenient contraceptive method with RU486 or other antiprogestins [29].
• Ethinyl estradiol is a semisynthetic estrogen compound found in birth control pills, and its chemical structure allows this compound to retain activity when given orally [30].

Gene context of Contraception

• We have now determined that human cyclin A1 is expressed in similar stages of spermatogenesis and are exploring its role in human male infertility and whether it may be a novel target for new approaches for male contraception [31].
• CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and gonadotrophin suppression influence the effectiveness of hormonal male contraception [32].
• Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) binding capacities were examined weekly in eight normally cycling women and three women taking birth control pills during a 5-week baseline period and after daily ingestion of 75 micrograms of L-triiodothyronine (T3) for 30 days [33].
• Use of LHRH agonists and antagonists in male contraception: a review [34].
• Mean GGT activity was also lower, and abnormal values were less frequent, in nonpregnant women with viral hepatitis who were taking birth control pills (BCP) [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Contraception

• Among women attending family planning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya, the HIV-seroprevalence rates for different contraceptive methods were: depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 431/3279 (13.1%), combination oral contraceptive pill 114/1073 (10.6%), and progesterone-only contraceptive pill (POCP) 45/741 (6.1%) [36].
• Approaches to hormonal male contraception are predominantly based on injectable testosterone (T) application [37].
• They have potential use in clinical trials for male contraception as well as in patients in whom inhibition of gonadotropin and steroid secretion is desired [38].
• All clinicians, pharmacists and patients who prescribe, dispense and receive thalidomide, respectively, are required to enroll in S.T.E.P.S. Sexually active females of childbearing potential must use two methods of birth control before, during and after treatment [39].
• Women who had used an intrauterine device, douching, rhythm, or levonorgestrel implants as methods of birth control had higher rates of low reading skills than women who used other methods of birth control [40].

References