Disease relevance of Lorox plus

• During the Gemini program, the hypobaric hyperoxic atmosphere of the spacecraft led to oxidative injury to the red cells, causing hemolysis [1].
• Assessing the evidence on aspirin in diabetes mellitus. Gemini or Libra; lumping or splitting; surrogate or hard; low or high; interventionist or nihilist [2].
• METHODS: Thirteen patients (mean +/- SD age, 64 +/- 14.0 y) with suspected penile cancer or suspected recurrent disease were examined with a Gemini PET/CT system (200 MBq of (18)F-FDG) [3].
• Gene expression profiling changes induced by a novel Gemini Vitamin D derivative during the progression of breast cancer [4].
• Otherwise no sequence homology to DNA-containing plant viruses of the gemini- or caulimovirus groups was found [5].

High impact information on Lorox plus

• Mutant orbiter, mercury, and gemini larvae have normal hair cell morphology and yet do not respond to acoustic-vibrational stimuli [6].
• It was previously reported that in HeLa cells, SMN and SIP1 form discrete foci located next to Cajal (coiled) bodies, the so-called "gemini of coiled bodies" or "gems." An intriguing feature of gems is that they do not appear to contain snRNPs [7].
• It is distinct from other nuclear domains, including coiled bodies, gemini bodies, PML bodies and the perinucleolar compartment [8].
• We term these prominent nuclear structures gems, for Gemini of coiled bodies [9].
• Of these nuclear bodies, the Gemini of coiled bodies (GEM) seems to associate with TB through the interaction between survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and TDP [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Lorox plus

• Studies during the Gemini, Apollo, Skylab and Shuttle missions demonstrated alterations in renal function, fluid homeostasis and bone resorption that result in increased urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate, brushite, sodium urate and uric acid [11].
• Replacing the geminal methyl groups on the calcitriol-related side chain of these gemini compounds with trideuteriomethyl moieties further boosted the potency in the colon cancer model in mice some 10-fold, reduced NMU-induced breast cancer carcinogenesis in rats and decreased the IC(50) values for renin mRNA inhibition into the pM range [12].
• DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (The Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol-Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensives [GEMINI]) conducted between June 1, 2001, and April 6, 2004, at 205 US sites that compared the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate on glycemic control [13].
• In the GEMINI (Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol-Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensives) trial, a decrease of 9.1% (p = 0.004) in insulin resistance, compared with baseline values, was seen in patients treated with carvedilol, whereas no significant difference was seen in the group of patients treated with metoprolol [14].
• Single-pill therapy in the treatment of concomitant hypertension and dyslipidemia (the amlodipine/atorvastatin gemini study) [15].

Biological context of Lorox plus

• Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with Ti plasmids containing tandem genome repeats derived from different strains of the gemini-virus beet curly top virus (BCTV) resulted in the production of unit-length recombinant progeny genomes in systemically infected plants [16].
• The gemini pollen1 mutant was characterized in detail and shown to act gametophytically resulting in reduced transmission through both sexes. gemini pollen1 showed an incompletely penetrant phenotype resulting in equal, unequal and partial divisions at pollen mitosis I [17].
• Transfection mediated by gemini surfactants: engineered escape from the endosomal compartment [18].
• Control of such colloidal changes could be as significant as the changes in the molecular composition of the gemini surfactants in delivering optimum gene expression in animal models [19].
• Assuming that the mechanism of transfection by synthetic cationic surfactants involves endocytosis, we contend that the efficacy of gemini surfactant 1 as a gene delivery vehicle can be explained by the unprecedented observation of a pH-induced formation of the inverted hexagonal phase of the lipoplex in the endosomal pH range [18].

Anatomical context of Lorox plus

• Novel patterns of ectopic cell plate growth and lipid body distribution in the Arabidopsis gemini pollen1 mutant [20].
• We show that depletion of Smn in these cells resulted in a decrease in the number of nuclear 'gems' (gemini of coiled bodies), reduced proliferation with no increase in cell death, defects in myoblast fusion, and malformed myotubes [21].
• Cationic liposomes formulated with neutral 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and cationic gemini surfactants were used for transfecting different cell lines with a reporter gene [22].
• Conventional and gemini surfactants embedded within bilayer membranes: contrasting behavior [23].
• The efficiencies of the binary liposomes composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and cationic gemini surfactant, (2S,3R)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)butane dibromide as transfection vectors, were measured using the enhanced green fluorescent protein coding plasmid and COS-1 cells [24].

Associations of Lorox plus with other chemical compounds

• A sugar-based (reduced glucose) gemini surfactant forms vesicles in dilute aqueous solution near neutral pH [25].
• RESULTS: In vitro TE was found to be dependent on the spacer length of the gemini surfactant, with the C3 spacer showing the highest activity (both 12-3-12 and 16-3-16) [26].
• The unusual micelle micropolarity of partially fluorinated gemini surfactants sensed by pyrene fluorescence [27].
• Degree of micelle ionization and micellar growth for gemini surfactants detected by 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium fluorescence quenching [28].
• Vitamin A and beta-carotene supply of women with gemini or short birth intervals : A pilot study [29].

Gene context of Lorox plus

• The original mutant mor1 alleles were reported to have disrupted cortical microtubules, swollen organs and normal cytokinesis, whereas other alleles, embryo-lethal gemini pollen 1 (gem1), have defective pollen cytokinesis [30].
• Coactivators were found to shift the ligand sensitivity (by a factor of 4 for Gemini) and the ratio of VDR conformations in the presence of DNA toward the high-affinity ligand binding conformation (c1(LPD)) [31].
• The properties of a novel disulfide-bond-containing gemini surfactant bis[N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecyl-N-(2-mercaptoethyl)ammonium bromide] disulfide (DSP) were studied using a Langmuir balance, supported monolayers, differential scanning calorimetry, giant vesicles, and LUVs [32].
• Under these conditions Gemini stabilizes the VDR into a silent conformation, in which helix 12 of the ligand-binding domain is repositioned and thus unable to contribute to coactivator interaction [33].
• In vivo cutaneous interferon-gamma gene delivery using novel dicationic (gemini) surfactant-plasmid complexes [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Lorox plus

• The structure of the lipoplex formed from DNA and the sugar-based cationic gemini surfactant 1, which exhibits excellent transfection efficiency, has been investigated in the pH range 8.8-3.0 utilizing small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) [18].
• The efficiency in the transfection has been correlated to the high extent of DNA condensation observed by circular dichroism, condensation shown to depend heavily on the gemini spacer structure [22].
• METHODS: Novel dicationic (gemini) surfactant (spacer length n=2-16; alkyl chain m=12 or 16)-DNA complexes were formulated and characterized by circular dichroism and atomic force microscopy to select gemini analogues with the highest transfection efficiency (TE) [26].
• Mixed cationic liposomes composed by different ratios of dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-phosphatidylcoline (DMPC) and a cationic gemini surfactant have been studied by various physicochemical tools as vehicles for m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (m-THPC), a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy [34].
• The use of the polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of gemini- and other virus genomes or genomic fragments for typing, mapping, phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy is discussed [35].

References