Disease relevance of STIGMASTEROL

• Children with less severe PN-associated liver disease had lower plasma phytosterol concentrations than the 5 with severe disease [1].
• We examined the effects of the intestinal cholesterol/phytosterol transporter inhibitor ezetimibe added to cholestyramine in a young female patient with sitosterolemia and associated xanthomatosis [2].
• Tissue phytosterol and cholesterol levels in 10 benign and 8 malignant breast tumors were quantitated to reexamine the hypothesis that malignant tumors had distinctive phytosterol content [3].
• Stopped flow measurements of filipin binding to beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol also revealed an asymmetrical localization of these sterols in membranes of growing Mycoplasma. capricolum cells [4].
• AIM OF THE STUDY: Investigation of the effect of a phytosterol-enriched spread in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus on serum lipids, Hb(A1c), and blood glucose under free-living conditions [5].

Psychiatry related information on STIGMASTEROL

• Within our enrichment context we find a phytosterol intake satiation, if multiple plant sterol-enriched foods are eaten [6].

High impact information on STIGMASTEROL

• A reduction in intake of lipid emulsion to < 50 mL.kg-1.wk-1 was associated with a decrease in plasma phytosterol concentrations and an improvement in liver function tests and platelet counts in two patients [1].
• CONCLUSIONS: Children receiving PN who have high plasma phytosterol concentrations also have cholestatic liver disease and thrombocytopenia; phytosterolemia might contribute to the pathogenesis of complications of PN [1].
• In Arabidopsis transgenic lines with CYP710A1 and CYP710A11 overexpression, stigmasterol levels increased by 6- to 32-fold [7].
• The MSBP1 gene encodes a 220-amino acid protein that can bind to progesterone, 5-dihydrotestosterone, 24-epi-brassinolide (24-eBL), and stigmasterol with different affinities in vitro [8].
• The availability of the SMT1 gene and mutant should permit the manipulation of phytosterol composition, which will help elucidate the role of sterols in animal nutrition [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of STIGMASTEROL

• Phytosterols were present in four samples of normal breast tissue with mean (+/- S.E.) campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol (2 +/- 0.8, 15 +/- 9, 7 +/- 5 microgram/g wet weight) slightly but not significantly lower than in benign and malignant breast tumors, p greater than 0 [3].
• Effects of isoprothiolane and phytosterol on lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipocytes from rats of dietary fat necrosis [10].
• Production of testosterone from phytosterol using a single-step microbial transformation by a mutant of Mycobacterium sp [11].

Biological context of STIGMASTEROL

• This is the first direct chemical evidence for the fate of the two carbons removed during phytosterol dealkylation in an insect [12].
• Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis [13].
• Microsomes from sunflower seedlings were used to investigate the transition state coordinate for the C-24 methylation reaction that mediates phytosterol biosynthesis [14].
• Additionally, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of epoxidized lipids, with emphasis on phytosterol polyol formation, was investigated using a model gastric medium [15].
• Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters [16].

Anatomical context of STIGMASTEROL

• METHODS: To gain insight into the molecular effects of phytosterols, global genome-wide gene profiling and real-time RT-PCR studies were conducted in small intestines and livers of phytosterol-treated apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice [17].
• The phytosterol-treated animals had significantly (p < 0.05) less fragile erythrocytes when exposed to 0.08, 0.07, or 0.05 M NaCl compared with cholesterol-fed mice [18].
• In addition, a similar phytosterol, stigmasterol, also restored GJIC, albeit at a lower activity. beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol increased the level of connexin43 protein (Cx43) and restored phosphorylation of Cx43 to levels similar to the parental nontransfected cell line [19].
• We have designed experimental conditions allowing the replacement of 50% of cholesterol of human keratinocytes (SVK14 line) with sitosterol or stigmasterol without affecting cellular viability [20].
• Intestinal absorption of cholesterol, campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were measured in 10 healthy subjects by an intestinal perfusion technique over a 50 cm segment of the upper jejunum using sitostanol as non-absorbable marker [21].

Associations of STIGMASTEROL with other chemical compounds

• The Arabidopsis CYP710A1 and tomato CYP710A11 proteins exhibited C-22 desaturase activity with beta-sitosterol to produce stigmasterol (CYP710A1, K(m) = 1.0 microM and kinetic constant [k(cat)] = 0.53 min(-1); CYP710A11, K(m) = 3.7 microM and k(cat) = 10 min(-1)) [7].
• BACKGROUND: The effects of probucol and a phytosterol mixture (FCP-3PI) on atherosclerotic lesion formation, plasma lipoproteins, hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, and plasma fibrinogen were investigated in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice [22].
• NPC1L1 null mice had substantially reduced intestinal uptake of cholesterol and sitosterol, with dramatically reduced plasma phytosterol levels [13].
• Ginsenoside Re, a Main Phytosterol of Panax ginseng, Activates Cardiac Potassium Channels via a Nongenomic Pathway of Sex Hormones [23].
• Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and stigmasterol have been shown to stimulate Ca2+ uptake and to induce calmodulin synthesis in cultured French-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots [24].

Gene context of STIGMASTEROL

• The phytosterol-derived LXR agonist YT-32 might selectively modulate intestinal cholesterol metabolism [25].
• Effects on the metabolism of campesterol and stigmasterol in Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated using N,N-dimethyldodecanamine, a known inhibitor of growth, reproduction and the delta 24-sterol reductase of this nematode [26].
• 5. Investigation of the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in intestinal phytosterol absorption indicated significant decreases in the intestinal mRNA expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in SHRSP and Wistar-Kyoto rats compared with Wistar rats [27].
• Tracer enrichment of plasma cholesterol was not significantly different between the wheat germ with extracted-and-reconstituted phytosterol (0.305 +/- 0.022 micro mol tracer/mmol cholesterol) and the original wheat germ [28].
• Based upon these results we offer a thermodynamic explanation for the greater micellar solubilities of more hydrophilic sterols and suggest that the high affinity, but low capacity, of a typical phytosterol for binding to trihydroxy bile salt micelles may provide a physical-chemical basis for its inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of STIGMASTEROL

• The absolute change in serum total phytosterol concentration was greater in the dietary intervention group than in the control group [30].
• Urinalyses and hematologic data were comparable between the two groups except for significantly lower platelet counts in the phytosterol-treated animals (681.6+/-118.9 versus 857.1+/-185.4 x10(9)/L, p < 0.05) [18].
• Separation of phytosterol oxidation products by combination of different polarity gas chromatography capillary columns [31].
• Using light and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that there is a reduced ability for stigmasterol-grown cells to undergo cytoplasmic fusion during conjugation [32].
• Phytosterol effects were not considered in classic fat-exchange clinical trials and may account for some of the differences attributed to the food fats studied [33].

References