Disease relevance of EL 857

• We have characterized hygromycin B and apramycin resistance genes from an E. coli plasmid [1].
• We studied two outbreaks of calf salmonellosis caused by apramycin and gentamicin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strains [2].
• Tn5096 was constructed by inserting an apramycin resistance gene, aac(3)IV, into IS493 from Streptomyces lividans [3].
• Shuttle plasmids available for both electroporation and conjugation studies have been constructed, and we have successfully validated the use of the apramycin resistance gene as a component of cloning vectors for Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis [4].
• 3. Apramycin inhibits the translocation step of protein synthesis both in vivo, in protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium, and in vitro, in cell-free systems from E. coli [5].

High impact information on EL 857

• It was found that polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 33,000 and 31,500 daltons are encoded by the apramycin resistance gene and polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 42,500 and 41,500 daltons are encoded by the hygromycin B resistance gene [1].
• Mutations that disrupted base-pairing were found to confer varying levels of resistance to nine aminoglycosides, including four neomycins, two kanamycins, gentamicin, apramycin and hygromycin [6].
• Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains resistant to gentamicin and apramycin were isolated from cattle in France and Belgium and from patients in hospitals [7].
• They were tested by PCR for the presence of resistance genes for tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and apramycin and of 12 common virulence genes of porcine E. coli [8].
• METHODS: Faecal samples were collected weekly from calves over a 4 month period and screened for E. coli resistant to ampicillin, apramycin and nalidixic acid at concentrations of 16, 8 and 8 mg/L, respectively [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of EL 857

• Both types of vectors utilize the apramycin (Am)-resistance gene which can be selected in E. coli and Streptomyces spp. with either Am or the commercially available antibiotic Geneticin (G418) [10].
• Faecal samples collected monthly from three calf cohorts and annually from adult cattle and environmental samples, were screened for the presence of ampicillin, apramycin and nalidixic acid resistant E. coli [11].
• A derivative of Rhizobium meliloti 41 was constructed (strain GY654) which was resistant to apramycin and kanamycin but remained sensitive to tobramycin [12].
• Minimum inhibitory concentrations of amikacin, apramycin, streptomycin, neomycin against E. coli strains increased after oral application of EO [13].
• The present study examines the effect of three AFAs (apramycin, carbadox, and chlortetracycline) on the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in growing piglets and on animal performance [14].

Biological context of EL 857

• The pbpA gene was disrupted by replacing an ApaI fragment of the pbpA gene in S. griseus chromosome with an apramycin resistance gene cassette or directly inserting this apramycin resistance gene cassette at the NcoI site of pbpA penicillin-binding domain [15].
• Cosmids pJAR4 and pKC505 (which determines apramycin-resistance) stably co-transform both Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces griseofuscus [16].
• Replicon typing characterization of plasmids encoding resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from human and animal sources in Belgium [17].
• An absence of resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquniolones and a low proportion of isolates resistant to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are encouraging findings from public health and animal health perspectives [18].
• The pretreatment technology of wet air oxidation (WAO) and coagulation and acidic hydrolysis for apramycin wastewater was investigated in this paper [19].

Anatomical context of EL 857

• A group of structurally related apramycin derivatives was evaluated for the ability to enhance [3H]dizocilpine binding to rat brain membranes, and for the ability to augment agonist responses on recombinant (NR1A/2B) NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes [20].
• Concentrations of apramycin in milk produced by clinically normal mammary glands of cows, ewes and goats were consistently lower than in serum; the kinetic value AUCmilk/AUCserum was < 0.32 [21].
• Apramycin treatment (0.5g/l in the drinking water) of 3-to 5-week-old Leghorn chicks for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a reduction, to an undetectable level, in the number of coliforms in the digestive tract for at least the first 24 h [22].
• Although in vitro preincubation of apramycin with ileum cells did not decrease the percentage of cells to which the bacteria adhered, the number of bacteria adhered per cell decreased significantly [22].
• A 20% solution of apramycin was administered intravenously (i.v.) and intramuscularly (i.m.) to lactating cows with clinically normal and acutely inflamed udders, to lactating ewes with normal or subclinically infected, inflamed udders and i.v. to lactating goats with normal udders [21].

Associations of EL 857 with other chemical compounds

• Resistance to apramycin, gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin and other antibiotics was associated with conjugative plasmids of approximately 62 kb [23].
• An in vivo experiment was conducted to study the potential prebiotic effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharide extracts, Lentinus edodes extract (LenE), Tremella fuciformis extract, and Astragalus membranaceus Radix extract, on chicken growth and the cecal microbial ecosystem, as compared with the antibiotic Apramycin (APR) [24].
• The beta-lactamase from the C freundii had a pI of 5.2 and was encoded on a 75 Kbp plasmid which also mediated resistance to trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, apramycin, gentamicin and tobramycin [25].
• It produced an acetyltransferase that readily acetylated only apramycin, neomycin and paromomycin, a compound that is closely related to neomycin [26].
• These differences were larger for apramycin, as were the variations in the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and in the total body clearance (ClB) of both kanamycin and apramycin, both having almost a threefold difference depending on the species but without any correlation to body mass [27].

Gene context of EL 857

• Plasmid pCZA126, which can replicate in Streptomyces spp. or E. coli, contains a gene coding for the lambda cI857 repressor and a gene, under repressor control, coding for apramycin resistance [28].
• Very recently we isolated in Zaragoza one apramycin-resistant Escheria coli strain obtained from the blood of a hospitalized patient; this clinical isolate produced a plasmid-mediated 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase IV [29].
• Using a PCR-targeting method, msdA was disrupted by insertion of an apramycin resistance gene in S. cinnamonensis C730 [30].
• HO2 may promote organic compounds oxidized in WAO of the apramycin wastewater [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of EL 857

• E. coli were isolated and tested for resistance to apramycin using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) broth microdilution method [31].
• Determination of apramycin in swine kidney tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [32].
• Restriction enzyme analysis of plasmids in apramycin-resistant transconjugants derived from E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the same patient were virtually identical, suggesting that inter-generic transfer of plasmids encoding apramycin resistance had occurred in vivo [33].
• Minimum inhibitory concentrations of intestinal Escherichia coli from broiler chickens after oral administration of apramycin [34].
• A commercial injectable product containing 200 mg apramycin/ml was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) to groups of 6- and 12-week-old turkeys at 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg [35].

References