Disease relevance of SACS

• Colonization of the avian respiratory tract with Mycoplasma gallisepticum results in a profound inflammatory response in the trachea, air sacs, conjunctiva, and lungs [1].
• The avirulent Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii cultivated in chicken yolk sacs could be purified successfully with a Renografin density gradient method developed previously for Rickettsia typhi [2].
• The organisms were grown in the yolk sacs of chicken embryos, harvested shortly before the time of embryo death, purified by Renografin density gradient centrifugation, and ruptured in a French pressure cell [3].
• Two phase I strains of Coxiella burnetii of different virulence were injected into the yolk sacs of chicken embryos, and the yolk sacs and livers were examined at intervals by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy [4].
• Five strains of influenza C virus were isolated and passaged in the amniotic sacs of embryonated hens' eggs, or in the HMV-II line of human malignant melanoma cells, and were tested for reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein [5].

High impact information on SACS

• After freeze-substitution, numerous lumenless membrane-bound sacs arrayed in multilamellar stacks appear to replace the abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum found after chemical fixation [6].
• The three-dimensional reconstructions show that the cytoplasmic components of growth cones, including the membrane-bound sacs and multilamellar stacks revealed by freeze substitution, are polarized along the axis of these growth cones, which suggests that they have a role in recycling of membrane during elongation of the growth cone [6].
• In the central regions of growth cones, interconnected structures included microtubules, large membranous sacs (up to 400 nm), and irregular vesicles (25-75 nm) [7].
• A previous study of chick embryos demonstrated that when injected into the air sacs of fertilized eggs trichloroethylene produced more than three times the number of cardiac defects that are found in control embryos [8].
• Hoxb-5 and Hoxb-6 expression domains demarcate the trachea, bronchial tree, and air sacs [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of SACS

• An AIV tartrate formulation administered in drinking water to chickens infected with a macrolide-sensitive or macrolide-resistant strain of MG resulted in no detection of mycoplasma in the air sacs and in MG-negative sera [10].
• Congo-red-positive E. coli colonies were isolated from air sacs, pericardium, liver, lung, joint fluid, and heart blood of chickens with lesions of colisepticemia [11].
• Broiler chicken carcasses were injected with latex to determine the number and location of the air sacs and the presence of diverticula [12].
• Injection of 1 microgram L-thyroxine (T4) into the yolk sacs of embryonated chicken eggs at 3 to 6 days of incubation not only induced cardiomegaly but also instigated more rapid differentiation of the heart as an organ and of the individual myocytes per se [13].

Biological context of SACS

• In vitro studies by everted ileal sacs of young rabbits also showed an inhibition of active transport of calcium due to CB [14].
• We measured airway flow and pressures in the trachea, air sacs and thoracoabdominal cavity in 4 anesthetized-paralyzed roosters during sinusoidal volume oscillations at the trachea in the normal range of euthermic breathing frequency, f(0.2 to 1.0 Hz), and tidal volume, VT (10-50 ml) [15].
• Albinos had lower body temperatures (P < 0.01), liver weights (P < 0.01) and gall bladder weights (P < 0.05), and heavier yolk sacs (P < 0.01) than did nonalbinos [16].
• 3. Bacteriology revealed positive results for the whole yolk sacs of 43 to 64% of the birds in the sample of ducklings, poults and layer chicks [17].
• Air sac lesion incidences of five air sacs with lesions out of 32 and four out of 32 were seen in groups vaccinated with laboratory and commercial vaccines, respectively, compared with 13 out of 20 in nonvaccinated specific-pathogen-free hybrid white leghorn chickens [18].

Anatomical context of SACS

• These observations suggest that dilation and fusion of the lumenless, membrane-bound sacs that occurs during chemical fixation give rise to the network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum [6].
• Endodermal cells were isolated from yolk sacs of 3-day chick embryos and cultured for 6 days in Eagle's minimal essential media plus 10% fetal calf serum [19].
• C. burnetii, phases I and II, obtained by these methods appeared to be free from host cell components by serological methods while retaining morphological integrity and infectivity for yolk sacs and experimental animals [20].
• It also occurred in other organs, including the skin, esophagus, air sacs, large intestine, and kidney [21].
• Seven days after inoculation of ELB from the infected yolk sacs, Vero cells and L929 cells were observed to contain intracellular bacteria as demonstrated by Diff Quik and indirect immunofluorescence assay staining [22].

Associations of SACS with chemical compounds

• The organisms were grown in mouse L cells and in the yolk sacs of chicken embryos, purified by Renografin density gradient centrifugation, and ruptured in a French pressure cell [23].
• DES (0.1 mg) was injected into the air sacs of 5-day-old chick embryos [24].
• A parallel study of 3-O-methyl glucose transport by everted intestinal sacs and [U-14C]glucose oxidation by isolated, dispersed intestinal cells was done in chicks (1) adapted to a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF), or high protein (HP) diet for 2 weeks or (2) fasted up to 5 days [25].
• Within each age group, I50 values (concentration of HgCl2 causing 50% inhibition of mediated transport) for slices (mucosal plus serosal exposure) and sacs (mucosal exposure only) were nearly identical; values for brush border membrane vesicles were slightly lower (increased sensitivity) [26].
• Production and fates of transosomes (sacs of ribosomes made in the follicular cells of an ovarian follicle and subsequently passed to the cytoplasms of the oocyte) have been studied by electron microscopy in ovaries of young chicks, a testosterone-treated hen, aged hens which had ceased laying eggs and a "non-layer" mutant [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SACS

• Chickens younger than 4 weeks old at the age of vaccination were protected from clinical signs of disease after challenge and from development of more severe lesions in the trachea and air sacs, although this protective immunity was significantly less effective in controlling the replication of M. gallisepticum in the trachea [28].
• Cyclophosphamide pretreatment reduced inflammatory changes in air sacs, lowered cell numbers in lavage fluids, and abolished hematologic changes; however, it did not prevent epithelial cell changes [29].
• Bacterial counts in air sacs were significantly lower when birds or embryos were treated with CpG ODN as compared with controls [30].
• At hatch, 200 microl of (51)Cr-labeled microspheres were injected into chick yolk sacs [31].
• This study was conducted to develop a rapid and inexpensive bioassay to detect multiple antimicrobial residues in egg yolk and neonatal yolk sacs [32].

References