Disease relevance of Supraoptic Nucleus

• The current study demonstrates that prolonged dehydration increases immunoreactivity for PACAP-27, PACAP-38, and the type I PACAP receptor in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat [1].
• CONCLUSION: Whereas hypernatremic rats showed markedly elevated vasopressin transcripts in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, DOCA-salt hypertension is associated with increased vasopressin mRNA in the paraventricular but not the supraoptic nucleus [2].
• Brattleboro rats, homozygous for diabetes insipidus, and Long-Evans rats were anaesthetized with urethane, and antidromically identified neurons were recorded from the supraoptic nucleus [3].
• Animals kindled to early seizure stages (stages 1, 2 or 3) had no consistent increase in VP mRNA in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) while animals kindled to generalized seizures, stages 4 or 5, invariably had increased VP mRNA relative to controls [4].
• In contrast, the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) mRNAs in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as well as of VP mRNA in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were unaffected by maternal undernutrition [5].

Psychiatry related information on Supraoptic Nucleus

• Local opioid inhibition and morphine dependence of supraoptic nucleus oxytocin neurones in the rat in vivo [6].
• The total number of immunocytochemically identified vasopressin (AVP) cells was determined morphometrically in the paraventricular (PVN) and dorsolateral part of the supraoptic nucleus (dl-SON) of the human hypothalamus in 30 subjects ranging in age from 15 to 97 years, including 10 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients [7].
• After water deprivation or haemorrhage, Fos-positive oxytocinergic neurons in the supraoptic nucleus were significantly more numerous in virgin rats than in lactating rats [8].
• After 4 days of water deprivation secretogranin II mRNA was significantly increased in supraoptic nucleus (366 +/- 21% of control, P < 0.01), the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus (209 +/- 20% of control, P < 0.01) and the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (147 +/- 6% of control, P < 0. 05) after 4 days of food deprivation [9].

High impact information on Supraoptic Nucleus

• Oxytocin-immunoreactive terminals synapse on oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus [10].
• Indeed, AVP-releasing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) are directly osmosensitive, and this osmosensitivity is mediated by stretch-inhibited cation channels [11].
• Excitatory amino acids (EAAs), such as glutamate and aspartate, are found in large concentrations in presynaptic boutons of a variety of important hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, and the preoptic area [12].
• Enzyme cytochemical techniques for acid phosphatase (AcPase) and thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activities were used to distinguish GERL from the Golgi apparatus in cell bodies of the supraoptic nucleus from normal mice, mice hyperosmotically stressed by drinking 2% salt water, and mice allowed to recover for 5-10 d from hyperosmotic stress [13].
• We then demonstrated that, in lactating rats, apelin was colocalized with AVP in supraoptic nucleus magnocellular neurons and given intracerebroventricularly inhibited the phasic electrical activity of AVP neurons [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Supraoptic Nucleus

• Together, these findings indicate that NO restraint of oxytocin secretion is not curtailed during morphine dependence and remains a potent inhibitor of withdrawal excitation despite reduced effectiveness on GABA innervation of the supraoptic nucleus [15].
• In the hypothalamus, intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of different doses [2.5 microg/100 g, 125 microg/100 g body weight (b.w.)] of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a significant Fos expression in AVP neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the magnocellular division (mPVN) and the parvocellular division (pPVN) of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) [16].
• Hypercapnia was produced by increasing the fractional concentration of inspired CO2 (FICO2). rCBF in normocapnic rats was higher in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, median eminence, and neural lobe than rates previously measured by use of diffusible tracers [17].

Biological context of Supraoptic Nucleus

• Synaptic plasticity in the rat supraoptic nucleus during lactation involves GABA innervation and oxytocin neurons: a quantitative immunocytochemical analysis [18].
• Atrial natriuretic peptide modulates synaptic transmission from osmoreceptor afferents to the supraoptic nucleus [19].
• Three other brain regions, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the ventrolateral medulla, and the supraoptic nucleus, all showed increases in cFos-IR in this study, but these changes came only as a result of increased food intake after PVN-injected NPY [20].
• PAM and AVP gene expression were not changed in the magnocellular part of the PVN or in the supraoptic nucleus [21].
• Moreover, we found that hypertonic saline induced CREB phosphorylation in cells that express the transgene within the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus [22].

Anatomical context of Supraoptic Nucleus

• In DOM males, c-fos expression was elevated within the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus [23].
• AQP4 is also abundant in osmosensory areas, including the supraoptic nucleus and subfornical organ [24].
• In control rats, naloxone did not increase oxytocin release from any of the regions studied: mediolateral septum, dorsal hippocampus, nucleus of tractus solitarius, or supraoptic nucleus [25].
• Hybridization with an AVP intron I (AVPinI) probe revealed specific hybridization confined to cell nuclei of paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), and suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons of the rat hypothalamus [26].
• Generally, the angiotensin II-induced transcription factor expression was strictly confined to four distinct forebrain areas: the subfornical organ, median preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus [27].

Associations of Supraoptic Nucleus with chemical compounds

• Notably, the osmosensitivity of the supraoptic nucleus is described including the recent data that suggests an important participation of taurine in the transmission of the osmotic information [28].
• In mammals, the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) have been classified into vasopressin- (VP) and oxytocin- (OT) producing subtypes [29].
• Thus, an endogenous kappa-agonist modulates vasopressin cell activity by an action within the supraoptic nucleus [30].
• Synaptically released histamine increases dye coupling among vasopressinergic neurons of the supraoptic nucleus: mediation by H1 receptors and cyclic nucleotides [31].
• A lower but significant increase in the CRF-R transcript signal was also observed in the supraoptic nucleus 6 hr after the LPS treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)[32]

Gene context of Supraoptic Nucleus

• GPCR135 is expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus with discrete expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and supraoptic nucleus, as well as in the cortex, septal nucleus, and preoptical area [33].
• In the paraventricular nucleus, no changes in ER beta mRNA expression were observed; whereas in the supraoptic nucleus, proestrous females had fewer ER beta-mRNA-expressing cells than L10 females [34].
• Amygdala kindling alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit messenger RNA expression in the rat supraoptic nucleus [35].
• Neurons containing both GA and AVP were very common in the supraoptic nucleus and also occurred in the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei [36].
• This investigation was extended to include the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus area (EW), the latter being one of the major cellular Ucn-expressing sites [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Supraoptic Nucleus

• In this study, using in situ hybridization, we have shown that PAM mRNA is abundantly expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus [21].
• Quantitative in vitro autoradiography, cytosol receptor assay in punched brain tissue, and immunocytochemistry have revealed that the glucocorticoid receptor is present in the rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) [38].
• On the sixth day, the rats were anaesthetized with urethane or pentobarbitone and prepared for blood sampling to determine plasma oxytocin by radioimmunoassay or for in vivo extracellular recording of the firing rate of identified oxytocin neurones from the supraoptic nucleus [39].
• 1. The modulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents (ICa) by adenosine was investigated in magnocellular neurones acutely dissociated from the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique [40].
• 2. In one series of experiments, pentobarbitone-anaesthetized animals were subjected to ventral exposure of the hypothalamus and rhodamine-tagged latex microspheres (0.05-0.2 microliter) were injected into one supraoptic nucleus [41].

References