Disease relevance of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain [1].
• Sim1 haploinsufficiency causes hyperphagia, obesity and reduction of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [2].
• Autoradiography revealed a significant decrease in density of neuropeptide Y receptors in the paraventricular nucleus in 8-week old rats after infarction (p < 0.05) [3].
• Increased activity of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and decreased activity of the vasopressin neurons in the biological clock and of the thyroxine-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the PVN contribute to the signs and symptoms of depression [4].
• Dehydration produced an increase in AT1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and anterior pituitary (AP) in control mice (PVN: 70+/-16 versus 146+/-10 fmol/mg protein; AP: 41+/-7 versus 86+/-15 fmol/mg protein) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• Therefore, two series of experiments were undertaken to characterize NPY secretion within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in association with eating behavior in the rat [6].
• Preoptic and paraventricular nucleus release of dopamine may have some relationship to mechanisms of ejaculation or to the neuroendocrine consequences of sexual activity or they can be related to other autonomic processes associated with copulation [7].
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression [8].
• Food deprivation elevates both neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in the basomedial hypothalamus and NPY levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) [9].
• Orexin A (hypocretin 1) injected into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and spontaneous physical activity in rats [10].

High impact information on Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• In response to stress, Crh released from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus activates Crh receptors on anterior pituitary corticotropes, resulting in release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth) into the bloodstream [11].
• The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which contains the cell bodies of neurons that secrete vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland, receives a dense innervation from atriopeptin-like immunoreactive fibres [12].
• The discrete anatomical distribution of arginine vasopressin and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat hypothalamus is altered after adrenalectomy [13].
• Both TRH precursor and TRH were located in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus [14].
• Today it is generally accepted that parvocellular neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus control the secretion of corticotropin and corticosterone by synthesising and releasing both the corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin (AVP) [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• The response in the paraventricular nucleus may explain part of the increased peripheral vasopressin levels and suggests that this nucleus makes a critical contribution to the pathogenesis of DOCA-salt hypertension [16].
• Neuropeptide Y release from the paraventricular nucleus increases in association with hyperphagia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [17].
• However, we observed that fasting significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus, in association with an attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia and body weight loss [18].
• In contrast, the neurotensin-induced hypothermia, which was unaffected by pretreatment with SR48692, involves Zif induction in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [19].
• Feeding behavior elicited by central injection of the alpha-noradrenergic agonists, norepinephrine (NE) and clonidine (CLON), are believed to be mediated via postsynaptic alpha 2-type receptors located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) [20].

Biological context of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• Stress-induced activation of neuronal activity and corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus is modulated by glucocorticoids in rats [21].
• These data indicate that neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular nucleus may act on feeding and brown fat thermogenesis through opioidergic pathways in the nucleus of the solitary tract [22].
• In this study, we show that intravenous injection of IL-1 beta provokes time- and dose-dependent increases in the expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos, in identified CRF and oxytocin-producing cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) [23].
• Consistent with the effect of ghrelin, injection of 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside, a pharmacological activator of AMPK, into either the third cerebral ventricle or directly into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus significantly increased food intake [24].
• Fetal sheep pituitary proopiomelanocortin in late gestation: effect of bilateral lesions of the paraventricular nucleus on regional and cellular messenger ribonucleic acid levels [25].

Anatomical context of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• Immunocytochemical studies have shown that most of the CRF-containing cell bodies that project to the median eminence are present in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) [26].
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a 41-amino-acid neuropeptide produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and many regions of the cerebral cortex, has been implicated in both the HPA axis and behavioural responses to stress [27].
• CB1-/- mice showed significantly increased CRH mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced CART mRNA levels in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic areas [28].
• Evidence exists for the localization of the newly identified estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) within the rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), regions which lack ERalpha [29].
• Vasopressin deficiency decreased angiotensin receptors in the subfornical organ and increased them in the anterior pituitary gland but did not affect angiotensin II binding in either magnocellular or parvocellular subnucleus of the paraventricular nucleus [30].

Associations of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus with chemical compounds

• We have studied the effect of atriopeptin on the electrical activity of single neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of anaesthetized rats and found that atriopeptin is a potent inhibitor of putative vasopressin neurons [12].
• Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity: in vivo microdialysis studies [31].
• RESULTS: In the colitic group, release of 5-HT from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was 3-fold (P = 0.01) and 14-fold (P < 0.001) higher than in control and pair-fed groups, respectively [32].
• Thyroid hormones regulate levels of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus [33].
• Cellular levels of messenger RNA encoding thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were measured in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in male rats after chemical thyroidectomy and thyroid hormone replacement [33].

Gene context of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• Using electrophysiological recordings, we found that ghrelin stimulated the activity of arcuate NPY neurons and mimicked the effect of NPY in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) [34].
• In the mammalian CNS, Sim2 and Sim1 are coexpressed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) [35].
• The bHLH-PAS transcription factor SIM1 is required for the development of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus [2].
• However, HR rats exhibited higher levels of CRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus but lower basal levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala [36].
• Thus, isolated TR-beta deficiency in TRH paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus neurons and impaired function of all TRs in the pituitary recapitulate the baseline hormonal disturbances that characterize mice with complete absence of all TRs [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

• Through analyses of peptide levels via RIA and of gene expression via in situ hybridization, a close positive association is established between Gal in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), particularly its midlateral region, and fat ingestion [1].
• Whereas vehicle-treated and control rats displayed hardly detectable signals of CRF-R mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), CRF-R gene transcription was highly stimulated by LPS administration and immobilization stress in this hypothalamic structure [38].
• The voltage response to norepinephrine (30-300 microM) was tested with whole-cell recordings in putative magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in hypothalamic slices (400 micrometers) [39].
• We also examined the effects of direct microinjection of leptin into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), Arc, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in rats [40].
• A rat brain microdialysis experiment showed that perfusion of 6-nitronorepinephrine into the rat paraventricular nucleus significantly elevated NE while decreasing 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and that L-NAME administered intraperitoneally decreased NE and increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol [41].

References