Disease relevance of Tracheostomy

• Atropine administration was partially and tracheostomy highly effective in preventing the majority of these arrhythmias during sleep [1].
• Possible mechanism of production of these arrhythmias, the mode of action of tracheostomy and atropine, and the probable role of similar arrhythmias in the sudden infant death syndrome are discussed [1].
• Results from 2 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trials in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; motor neuron disease) have demonstrated that riluzole can extend survival and/or time to tracheostomy [2].
• Univariate risk factors for A. baumannii acquisition were tracheostomy (P < .01), ventilation >3 days (P < .01), dialysis (P = .03), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia respiratory colonization (P = .02), parenteral nutrition (P = .05), and enteric feeding (P < .01) [3].
• Acute lung injury was created by administering 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (1 mL/kg) via the tracheostomy [4].

High impact information on Tracheostomy

• Acetylcysteine and speaking tracheostomy tubes [5].
• The sheep breathed room air through an endo-tracheal tube inserted through a tracheostomy, and samples of expired gas were collected for measurement of the rates of CO2 production and O2 consumption [6].
• FINDINGS: At the end of the study, after median follow-up of 18 months, 122 (50.4%) placebo-treated patients and 134 (56.8%) of those who received 100 mg/day riluzole were alive without tracheostomy (unadjusted risk 0.79, p = 0.076; adjusted risk 0.65, p = 0.002) [7].
• These clinical and EMG findings indicate that Gerhardt's syndrome is not caused by paralysis of vocal-cord abductors, but represents a focal laryngeal dystonia which may be treatable by botulinum toxin injections of vocal-cord adductor muscles rather than by arytenoidopexy or tracheostomy [8].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: IV injections of nitroglycerin or sodium nitroprusside produced dose-dependent and sustained increases in the exhaled levels of nitric oxide measured by chemiluminescence in awake lambs with tracheostomies [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Tracheostomy

• INTERVENTIONS: Animals were instrumented with femoral and pulmonary arterial catheters and underwent an LD50 cotton smoke inhalation injury via a tracheostomy under halothane anesthesia [10].
• After several days for recovery, while the animals were awake, the effects of CO2 and hypoxia on pH of the film of CSF between the pia and arachnoid (pHMVS) were recorded along with end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 (mass spectrometer), ventilation (pneumotachometer) through a permanent tracheostomy, and, when possible, ear arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) [11].
• Three cats, anesthetized with xylazine and pentobarbital sodium and prepared with acute tracheostomy and femoral arterial catheter, and three awake cats, prepared with a small tracheal catheter and femoral arterial catheter, were subjected to acute hypercapnia (FICO2 = 0.00, 0.06, and 0.08) [12].
• Spontaneous inhalation of nicotine-laced cigarette smoke (10% concn, 750 ml vol) via a tracheostomy tube caused distinct and consistent changes in breathing pattern on the first or second breath of inhaled smoke: an apnea in three dogs, an augmented inspiration in two dogs, and rapid shallow breathing in one dog [13].
• After four months of continuous therapy, she developed skin and laryngeal involvement requiring emergency tracheostomy; subsequent therapy with amphotericin B resulted in resolution of her disease [14].

Biological context of Tracheostomy

• The specimens analysed include urine, sputa, tracheostomy swabs, central venous pressure line catheter tips, blood cultures, wound drainage fluid, cerebro-spinal fluid, pleural fluid and peritoneal dialysate samples [15].
• Sinusoidal volume changes were delivered through a tracheostomy at 16 Hz, a tidal volume of 1 or 2 ml/kg, and inspired O2 fraction of 0 [16].
• CO2 laser cordectomy is first choice treatment for T1a glottic carcinoma, offering intra- and post-operative advantages: reduced traumatism, lack of tracheostomy, low bleeding, fast functional recovery (deglutition and speech), brief hospital stay, and low management costs [17].
• By the age of 3 years she had developed a phenotype very suggestive of RTT, but had not demonstrated deceleration of head growth and the development of expressive language was prevented by the presence of the tracheostomy [18].
• CONCLUSIONS: In an ALS clinic population, the total Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-revised score at baseline is a strong predictor of death or tracheostomy independently of forced vital capacity and after adjustment for age at baseline, sex, and symptom duration [19].

Anatomical context of Tracheostomy

• The ability of enoxacin to penetrate into sputum and its distribution and elimination characteristics after dosing to steady state were determined in six subjects with permanent tracheostomies [20].
• Surgical placement of vascular catheters, a flow transducer around the left pulmonary artery, and a tracheostomy tube and formalin infiltration of the ductus arteriosus to maintain its patency in the presence of meclofenamate were performed 72 h before the study [21].
• Sixteen anaesthetized rabbits were subjected to tracheostomy and lung damage produced by the instillation of 4.5 ml/kg hydrochloric acid (pH 1.5) into the trachea [22].
• In 9 anesthetized mongrel dogs breathing spontaneously through a tracheostomy, unit activity from the superior laryngeal nerve was recorded while warmed and humidified gas mixtures (air or 10% CO2 in O2) were passed, for 1 min, through the functionally isolated upper airway in the expiratory direction [23].
• Portable ultrasound provides a simple method of screening for vulnerable blood vessels in the neck and for locating the midline before percutaneous tracheostomy [24].

Associations of Tracheostomy with chemical compounds

• Following multiple respiratory arrests, one affected member was successfully managed with aggressive pulmonary care, tracheostomy, and intermittent home mechanical ventilation, which, combined with carbidopa/levodopa, allowed for a functional lifestyle with improvement in apathy, mobility, and nutritional status [25].
• INTERVENTIONS: After anesthesia with 1.2 g/kg of urethane, a tracheostomy and bilateral vagotomy were performed [26].
• Five weeks later, half of the animals were given an intratracheal injection of 1.5 U of bleomycin sulfate via a tracheostomy; control animals received saline intratracheally by the same technique [27].
• Elevation of daytime norepinephrine and normetanephrine with return to control levels following tracheostomy implies increased sympathetic activity throughout the day [28].
• 99mTc DTPA dissolved in saline was superfused through nasal and orolaryngeal catheters on to nasal and tracheobronchial airways; a small particle aerosol of nebulised 99mTc DTPA was delivered to the bronchoalveolar airways through a tracheostomy [29].

Gene context of Tracheostomy

• In this study, we determined that recombinant rat GM-CSF improved lung liquid clearance (as reflected by lung tissue wet:dry ratios) in ethanol-fed rats anesthetized and then challenged with 2 ml of saline via a tracheostomy tube [30].
• We compared the early and late pulmonary effects of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) challenges in awake dogs with chronic tracheostomies [31].
• We suggest that bacteria and low SP-D support neutrophilic inflammation in the lower respiratory tract of nonsymptomatic with children with tracheostomy [32].
• Ten patients (7 with COPD, 3 with restrictive disorders) discontinued NPPV at 6 months, and 3 progressed to tracheostomy [33].
• Tracheostomy in a patient with SARS [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tracheostomy

• Forty-nine percent of swallow assessments were scored as failed in the critical care patients with HVLP tracheostomy tube cuffs, and there were no episodes of aspiration following swallow assessment in the LVLP group (p<.05) [35].
• The prognosis for independent ventilation (+/- tracheostomy) was worst for patients with NMO, except for one patient who received plasma exchange, and better then expected for PMS, despite poor preventilation functional status [36].
• One patient was treated by tracheotomy placed through a vertical midline incision and 2 patients were treated by cricothyroidotomy followed by elective tracheostomy and closure of the cricothyroidotomy [37].
• Of those with PMS, all but two required a wheelchair or were bedbound before VS and survived a median of 22 months; 14 were mechanically ventilated and seven underwent subsequent lifelong tracheostomy; three had tracheostomy only [36].
• After tracheostomy and intravascular cannulations under isoflurane anesthesia, eight rabbits were placed on a sling that allowed for free movement of the head and extremities [38].

References