Disease relevance of Shellfish

• In this report we examine the macrophage ACAT reactivity of the shellfish sterol, desmosterol, and other sterols found in man because of shellfish ingestion or in association with the foam cell diseases sitosterolemia and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) [1].
• A modified polyethylene glycol precipitation method for concentration of virus followed by a new method to recover nucleic acid was used to detect hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (SA11) in shellfish (oysters and hard-shell clams) by hybridization tests [2].
• The relative mobility of the 11 dsRNA genomic segments of 19 Aquareovirus isolates from fish and shellfish were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [3].
• Blooms of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis are a major worldwide problem due to their production of a range of toxins, in particular the neurotoxins anatoxin-a and paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) [4].
• Future investigations should involve utilization of acetaminophen and indomethacin for chronic ciguatera fish poisoning, and the evaluation of the role of polycyclic ethers in the temperature sensation reversal phenomenon of both ciguatera and neurotropic shellfish poisoning [5].

Psychiatry related information on Shellfish

• Domoic acid, a potent excitotoxic analogue of glutamate and kainate, may cause seizures, amnesia, and sometimes death in humans consuming contaminated shellfish [6].
• Domoic acid is a shellfish toxin which produces neurodegeneration and CNS dysfunction, notably a loss of short-term memory [7].

High impact information on Shellfish

• In sitosterolemia, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, affected individuals hyperabsorb not only cholesterol but also all other sterols, including plant and shellfish sterols from the intestine [8].
• Consumption of shellfish (a rich source of iodine) seemed to increase the risk of follicular thyroid cancer, whereas consumption of goitrogen-containing vegetables appeared to reduce risk of total thyroid cancer, possibly because of their cruciferous nature [9].
• In order to determine whether this abnormal metabolism also involved other sterols, a patient with sitosterolemia was fed a diet high in shellfish that contain significant quantities of noncholesterol sterols, some of which are less well absorbed than cholesterol in humans [10].
• This enhanced absorption was associated with an increased plasma total shellfish sterol level (13.1 mg/dl vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7 mg/dl in normals) [10].
• The normal controls concentrated the shellfish sterols in bile 6.3 +/- 1.7-fold relative to the plasma shellfish sterol concentration whereas the study subject was only able to concentrate them 2.1-fold [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Shellfish

• In Florida (USA), numerous cases of human ciguatera fish poisoning, as well as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning following consumption of local seafood products, have been reported [11].
• Density of total and pathogenic (tdh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Atlantic and Gulf coast molluscan shellfish at harvest [12].
• The inclusion of a hydrolytic step of the hexane extract in the general procedure is suggested in order to monitor the contribution of non-polar diarrhoetic shellfish poisons (DSPs) to the total DSP shellfish toxicity [13].
• On the basis of pathological studies of the Minamata disease induced by consumption of large amounts of fish and shellfish contaminated with methylmercury, the neuropathological and metal-histochemical changes in the human body were discussed [14].
• A significant number have severe allergic reactions to foods and substances including: peanuts, tree nuts (almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts and brazil nuts); sesame; milk; eggs; shellfish; fish; fresh fruit; insect venom; latex; and prescribed drugs [15].

Biological context of Shellfish

• Here we describe a technique for the detection of HAV in shellfish based on reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction [16].
• We exposed two species of shellfish, Patunopecten yessoensis and Tapes japonica, for 4 h to artificial sea water in which N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ethyl nitrosourea (EMS), 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(H)-furanone (MX), or benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were dissolved [17].
• Bioavailability of cadmium from shellfish and mixed diet in women [18].
• A modest intake of fish and shellfish (6-12% total dietary energy intake) can provide more arachidonic acid and especially more docosahexaenoic acid than most diets contain today [19].
• The Km values for maltose and shellfish glycogen were 2.1 and 16 mM (the concentration of non-reducing glucose units), respectively, and the ratio of maximum velocities of hydrolysis of the two substrates was 100:133 [20].

Anatomical context of Shellfish

• Another shellfish sterol, 24-methylene cholesterol, also stimulated ACAT in human macrophages, but most of the xanthomatosis-related sterols did not stimulate ACAT [1].
• Infective Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were detected in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from a shellfish-producing region (Gallaecia, northwest Spain, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean) that accounts for the majority of European shellfish production [21].
• Cadmium in feces corresponded to 100 and 99% of that in duplicates of shellfish diets and mixed diets, respectively, indicating a low average absorption of the dietary Cd [18].
• Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in hepatopancreas of mussel, Mytilus coruscus, contaminated by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorometry as their 9-anthryldiazomethane derivatives [22].
• Transfer constants for blood-brain barrier permeation of the neuroexcitatory shellfish toxin, domoic acid [23].

Associations of Shellfish with chemical compounds

• The five shellfish sterols (22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-methylene cholesterol, brassicasterol, isofucosterol, and a C-26 sterol) increased from 0.3% to a total of 5.2% (p less than 0.001) of total sterols [24].
• An unusual isomer of domoic acid (1), isodomoic acid C (2), has been found in New Zealand shellfish contaminated by amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins and was shown to be produced by a local strain of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis [25].
• Domoic acid, a naturally occurring kainoid, has been responsible for several outbreaks of fatal poisoning after shellfish ingestion, and we examined its neurotoxic mechanism in cultured murine cortical neurones [26].
• Blood organic/methyl mercury reflects methyl mercury intake from fish and shellfish as determined from a methyl mercury exposure parameter based on 24-hr dietary recall, 30-day food frequency, and mean concentrations of mercury in the fish/shellfish species reported as consumed (multiple correlation coefficient > 0.5) [27].
• Results obtained indicate that the attachment of virus to mucus is primarily ionic and involves the binding of viral particles to sulfate radicals on the mucopolysaccharide moiety of shellfish mucus [28].

Gene context of Shellfish

• Studies in patients with sitosterolemia have identified 2 major new transporters, ABCG5 and ABCG8, that play a pivotal role in the regulation of intestinal cholesterol, plant, and shellfish absorption [29].
• Good reproducibility data were also achieved with %RSD values (N = 3) ranging from 3.15% (0.56 microg DTX2/ml) to 5.71% (0.14 microg DTX2/ml), for shellfish extracts [30].
• Since 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) was the only compound associated to DSP toxins detected in the shellfish samples, an explanation for the diarrheic symptoms in the intoxicated patients would be the metabolic transformation of DTX-3 into DTX-1 [31].
• The HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS analysis showed only the presence of DTX-3 as the only compound associated to DSP toxins in the contaminated shellfish samples [31].
• Letter: Fish and shellfish hygiene [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Shellfish

• Separation of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisons by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorometric detection using o-phthalaldehyde [33].
• OBJECTIVE: To better understand the role of fish and shellfish on thyroid cancer risk, we systematically re-analyzed the original data from 13 case-control studies conducted in the US, Japan, China, and Europe. METHODS: A total of 2497 cases (2023 women, 474 men) and 4337 controls (3268 women, 1069 men) were considered [34].
• Development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of domoic Acid in shellfish [35].
• Toxic extracts contained at least 80 microg saxitoxin equivalents (STX equiv.) in 100 g of shellfish tissue, or more, as measured by the regulatory AOAC mouse bioassay [36].
• Liquid chromatography (HPLC), used to identify diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in Portuguese shellfish, has detected okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) and esters of both of these [37].

References