Disease relevance of Hypothalamus, Middle

• Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis of human and monkey tissue shows that expression of MCH-2R mRNA is restricted to several regions of the brain, including the arcuate nucleus and the ventral medial hypothalamus, areas implicated in regulation of body weight [1].
• Acute tachycardia and pressor effects following injections of kainic acid into the antero-dorsal medial hypothalamus [2].
• GABA has dual effects on lordosis: it facilitates lordosis through actions in the medial hypothalamus (mHYP) and it inhibits lordosis through actions in the preoptic area (POA) [3].
• Twenty-four hours after isolation of the pituitary by surgical removal of the medial hypothalamus, i.e. in rats with pituitary island, E. coli endotoxin significantly increased the plasma corticosterone level [4].
• In contrast, obesity and hyperphagia developed with a 3 week delay when Agouti was expressed in the dorsal medial hypothalamus [5].

Psychiatry related information on Hypothalamus, Middle

• The effects of these manipulations were examined in 3 different paradigms involving the stimulation of feeding by: (1) infusion of 25 nmol noradrenaline (NA) into the medial hypothalamus, (2) adaptation to a 20 h food deprivation schedule, and (3) the presentation of a palatable wet mash diet for 1 h each day to ad libitum-fed rats [6].

High impact information on Hypothalamus, Middle

• In the unrestrained rat, sites were first identified at which norepinephrine injected in the medial hypothalamus caused spontaneous feeding, or in the lateral hypothalamus caused no response [7].
• After the ventral medial hypothalamus of mice was lesioned with gold thioglucose, the dose of insulin required to produce convulsions in 50 percent of the animals was doubled compared to that in nonlesionad controls [8].
• Regarding brain sites influencing intestinal transit, TRH-induced stimulation of intestinal transit in the rat is localized in the lateral and medial hypothalamus and medial septum [9].
• SIG immunostaining was combined with peroxidase immunostaining to allow simultaneous study of differentially labeled tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactive neurons in the medial hypothalamus [10].
• GK immunoreactivity was detected in cells of the medial hypothalamus with many of the same cells also displaying GLUT2 immunoreactivity [11].

Biological context of Hypothalamus, Middle

• Stimulation of both the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by progesterone is necessary to facilitate sexual behavior in female hamsters [12].
• The results provide clear evidence that the food intake suppressant effects of peripherally injected TFMPP and RU 24969 are not mediated in the medial hypothalamus [6].
• Serotonin (5-HT), acting in the medial hypothalamus (MH), is involved in appetite/satiety and sympathetic stimulation of thermogenesis [13].
• Microinjection of 5-HT (2.5-5 micrograms) directly into the medial hypothalamus and the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area of conscious normotensive rats caused a pressor response accompanied by variable changes in heart rate [14].
• Sex differences were observed for norepinephrine in the sections containing the lobus paraolfactorius and the preoptic, anterior, and medial hypothalamus [15].

Anatomical context of Hypothalamus, Middle

• Across species, the consistency with which lesions of the olfactory region, lateral septum, medial accumbens, medial hypothalamus, and dorsal and median raphe nuclei alter defensiveness and predation but not social aggression supports the inference that neural systems exist which subserve the inhibitory modulation of these dimensions of behavior [16].
• Intraperitoneal administration of CRF (1 nmol) similarly elevated dialysate concentrations of NE, DA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and all catecholamine catabolites except normetanephrine in both medial hypothalamus and medial prefrontal cortex [17].
• Cat odor-exposed rats showed greater Fos expression than controls in many brain regions, particularly in the medial amygdala, medial hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray [18].
• Dense immunoreactive fibers were observed in various parts of the brain and were most prominent in the olfactory bulb and tubercle, the lateral olfactory tract, medial hypothalamus, around blood vessels of the median eminence and interpeduncular nucleus, amygdaloid nuclei, stria terminalis, subbrachial nucleus, and medial geniculate nucleus [19].
• Behavioral effects of microinjections of SR 95103, a new GABA-A antagonist, into the medial hypothalamus or the mesencephalic central gray [20].

Associations of Hypothalamus, Middle with chemical compounds

• The existing evidence suggests that lesions in the lateral septum, medial accumbens, medial hypothalamus, or the dorsal and median raphe (or PCPA-induced depletion or serotonin) induce hyperreactivity to the experimenter in mice, rats, cats, dogs, and humans in every instance where they have been tested with one exception [16].
• The anorexic action of PPA may result, in part, from its interaction with alpha 1-adrenergic receptors within the paraventricular medial hypothalamus (PVN) [21].
• The levels of 5-HIAA decreased significantly in the POA-AH and medial hypothalamus [22].
• Freshly prepared Ringer's solution was perfused at a rate of 1 microliter/min immediately after insertion of a dialysis probe into the medial hypothalamus, and brain perfusates were collected every 30 min into microtubes containing 0.2 M perchloric acid [23].
• Tryptophan levels remained unchanged while tryptophan hydroxylase activity diminished significantly in POA-AH and medial hypothalamus [22].

Gene context of Hypothalamus, Middle

• NPY messenger RNA is increased in medial hypothalamus of anorectic tumor-bearing rats [24].
• Discrete parvocellular cells and neuronal fibers with ghrelin immunoreactivity were present in the anterior medial hypothalamus [25].
• Concentrations of NPY or CRF were not altered significantly in either the lateral or medial hypothalamus of TB or PF rats [24].
• In the medial hypothalamus of adjuvant vehicle-treated rats, significant 24-hour variations were detectable for TRH (peaks at 1600 and 2400 h) and somatostatin (peak at 2400 h) which disappeared after Freund's adjuvant injection [26].
• The density and the function of 5-HT1A receptors in the medial hypothalamus were significantly reduced in Ad-1AP-antisense-treated mice [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hypothalamus, Middle

• Microinjections of the 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist (+/-)-DOI hydrochloride into the medial hypothalamus (0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 nmol) facilitated the occurrence of PAG-elicited hissing in a dose-dependent manner [28].
• To determine if OCTs affect the clearance of 5-HT from the extracellular fluid compartment within the medial hypothalamus (MH), the OCT blocker, decynium 22 (0, 10, 30, or 100 microM), was perfused into the MH via a microdialysis probe, and dialysate 5-HT concentrations were measured at 20 min intervals [29].
• A control group was implanted with cholesterol pellets into the medial hypothalamus [30].
• An animal model for type 2 alcoholism? Alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior following lesions in the raphe nuclei, medial hypothalamus, or ventral striatum-septal area [31].
• BALB/c mice were unilaterally implanted with a guide cannula, the tip of which was positioned 1.5 mm above either the lateral hypothalamus (LH) the medial hypothalamus (MH), the mesencephalic central gray area (CG), or either the dorsal (DRF) or ventral parts (VRF) of the reticular formation [32].

References