Disease relevance of Pneumonia, Bacterial

• We examined the relevance of this paradigm in three distinct models of acute lung injury; hyperoxia, oleic acid, and bacterial pneumonia [1].
• To determine the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in a well defined population of intravenous drug users (IVDUs), and to examine any association with HIV infection, we prospectively studied 433 IVDUs without AIDS, enrolled in a longitudinal study of HIV infection in an out-patient methadone maintenance program [2].
• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Diagnosis of AIDS by the 1987 (specific indicator diseases) or the 1993 (indicator diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent bacterial pneumonia, cervical carcinoma, or CD4 lymphocyte count < 200 x 10(6)/l) CDC case definition [3].
• PCP, MAC, wasting syndrome, bacterial pneumonia, CMV disease, and candidiasis (esophageal or pulmonary) account for a substantial proportion of morbidity associated with HIV infection [4].
• Jejunal absorption rates of L-histidine (from a 100 mmole/liter solution) and glycylglycine (from a 50 mmole/liter solution) were determined with a souble-lumen tube perfusion system in vivo in 12 Zambian African men; six had acute bacterial pneumonia (infection group) and six had no clinical evidence of a bacterial infection (control group) [5].

High impact information on Pneumonia, Bacterial

• The rate of bacterial pneumonia increased with decreasing CD4 lymphocyte counts (2.3, 6.8, and 10.8 episodes per 100 person-years in the strata with more than 500, 200 to 500, and fewer than 200 cells per cubic millimeter, respectively; P < or = 0.022 for each comparison) [6].
• Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with a 67 percent reduction in confirmed episodes of bacterial pneumonia (P = 0.007) [6].
• These data support impaired IL-17R signaling as a potential mechanism by which deficiency of CD4 lymphocytes predisposes to bacterial pneumonia [7].
• Ten of 16 children with PCP and six of 21 with bacterial pneumonia died (relative risk 2.19 [95% CI 1.0-4.7]) [8].
• These results suggest a role for products of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of hypoxaemia in patients with severe bacterial pneumonia [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pneumonia, Bacterial

• Patients with bacterial pneumonia often are treated empirically with parenteral broad-spectrum antimicrobials intended to cover potential gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens [10].
• A subgroup of 62 patients from three centers, with bacterial pneumonia, were enrolled in a multicenter, open-label study of outpatient IV cefotaxime therapy [11].
• The purpose of these studies was to compare the efficacy and safety of the fourth-generation agent, cefepime, with that of the third-generation agent, ceftazidime, in the treatment of hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe bacterial pneumonia [10].
• Thus, these clinical trials support the conclusion that loracarbef is a safe and effective treatment for bacterial pneumonia [12].
• In an open, prospective, multicenter trial the efficacy and tolerance of imipenem/cilastatin for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia was investigated [13].

Biological context of Pneumonia, Bacterial

• Exhaustion of SP-D protein reserves and absence of SP-D gene upregulation during the progression of bacterial pneumonia into chronicity may result in failure to clear the pathogen from the lung and/or cause animals to be more susceptible to re-infection [14].

Anatomical context of Pneumonia, Bacterial

• This increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia is at least in part caused by excessive IL-10 production and reduced neutrophil function in the lungs [15].
• Bombesin recovers gut-associated lymphoid tissue and preserves immunity to bacterial pneumonia in mice receiving total parenteral nutrition [16].
• To study the in vivo role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in gram-negative bacterial pneumonia in mice, AM were eliminated by the intratracheal (i.t.) administration of dichloromethylene diphosphonate encapsulated liposomes [17].
• In conclusion, our studies indicate that specific chemokines are important mediators of leukocyte recruitment and/or activation in bacterial pneumonia and that the expression of these chemokines is regulated by endogenously produced IL-10 [18].
• Interleukin-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, or tuberculosis [19].

Gene context of Pneumonia, Bacterial

• We hypothesized that IL-10 is produced in the setting of bacterial pneumonia, and this cytokine may attenuate host defense by inhibiting the expression of important activating and chemotactic cytokines [20].
• Essential contribution of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/C-C chemokine ligand-2 to resolution and repair processes in acute bacterial pneumonia [21].
• Interleukin-10 gene therapy-mediated amelioration of bacterial pneumonia [22].
• We conclude that the Fas/FasL system contributes to the development of permeability changes and tissue injury during-gram negative bacterial pneumonia [23].
• The role that IL-6 plays during pneumonia and its impact during gram-negative bacterial pneumonia remain to be determined [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pneumonia, Bacterial

• Double-blind study of endotracheal tobramycin in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. The Endotracheal Tobramycin Study Group [25].
• In addition, we found sequentially significant increases in TNF production from AM and PBM of HIV + ve patients with no pathogens detected at bronchoscopy (NB), bacterial pneumonia (BP), and those with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) [26].
• The authors determined the pharmacokinetic parameters of a new immediate-release ciprofloxacin suspension in tube-fed intensive care patients with bacterial pneumonia, to compare two dosage regimens: 500 mg b.i.d and 750 mg b.i.d. in this prospective clinical trial [27].
• Tube thoracostomy should be performed immediately in a patient with an acute bacterial pneumonia if the pleural fluid glucose is below 40 mg per 100 ml, the pleural fluid pH is below 7.00, or if the Gram stain of the pleural fluid is positive [28].
• In an open-label, phase 3, randomized, multicenter study, clinafloxacin (200 mg/d) was compared to ceftriaxone (2 g/d; with or without erythromycin) in 527 patients with acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) [29].

References