Disease relevance of Glycocalyx

• BACKGROUND: Administration of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) without catalase fails to alleviate myocardial stunning, but extracellular SOD (Ec-SOD) may be more effective because it binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cellular glycocalyx [1].
• In the mucinous tumors, CEA was located in the glycocalyx and apical portions of the absorptive-type epithelium, with only trace quantities in goblet cells, a pattern identical to that seen in colonic neoplasms [2].
• Hypothermia and cadmium substitution protect against the functional manifestations of the paradox and prevent separation of the glycocalyx and the intramembrane particle changes as well [3].
• CONCLUSIONS--The decrease of the fast Na current by taurine can explain the arrhythmias observed at 10 mM external potassium, whereas the surface charges of the glycocalix were not affected [4].
• Clindamycin may enhance opsonophagocytosis of bacteroides by altering the glycocalyx [5].

High impact information on Glycocalyx

• Merozoites were agglutinated by cross-linking of their cell coats when incubated with immune sera [6].
• Identification of a major sialoprotein in the glycocalyx of human visceral glomerular epithelial cells [7].
• Ruthenium red has an affinity for acid mucopolysaccharides of the cell coat [8].
• At fertilization, the glycocalyx (vitelline layer) of the sea urchin egg is transformed into an elevated fertilization envelope by the association of secreted peptides and the formation of intermolecular dityrosine bonds [9].
• Podocalyxin is the major sialoprotein in the glycocalyx of glomerular podocytes [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Glycocalyx

• In cases of interstitial cystitis two types of luminal cell were observed, each possessing a distinct surface glycocalyx [11].
• However, in adenomas, nonmucinous columnar cells localize TAg to the apical cytoplasm and/or glycocalyx region and represent incomplete blood group glycoprotein synthesis [12].
• It is concluded that, compared with RH, adenosine-induced coronary hyperemia is not affected by modification of the glycocalyx [13].
• Relationship between glycocalyx and povidone-iodine resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) biofilms [14].
• METHODS: S. aureus cells in skin lesions of impetigo, atopic dermatitis and pemphigus were stained with safranin, and positive staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A was considered to indicate the presence of glycocalyx [15].

Biological context of Glycocalyx

• To attain an airway epithelial culture with a modified apical surface and intact epithelial integrity, we utilized 100 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a glycosylation inhibitor, to prevent the glycocalyx from reforming following enzyme treatment [16].
• Large polysaccharide molecules composing the glycocalyx have been shown to prevent cell adhesion [17].
• The influence of isolated glycocalyx from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis on surface phagocytosis of clindamycin-treated and -untreated homologous and heterologous species was studied [5].
• We used histochemical methods specific for carbohydrates on accurately timed endometrial biopsies to examine changes in quantity or electronegativity of the endometrium's luminal glycocalyx through the menstrual cycle in normal fertile women [18].
• Different cell-surface features of mutant D5 (cellulases, glycoprotein GP25, glycocalyx) were thus affected, any or all of which may be involved in its adhesion-defective phenotype [19].

Anatomical context of Glycocalyx

• This procedure produced a "plasma membrane lawn" preparation, consisting of plasma membrane fragments attached via their vitelline layer (an extracellular glycocalyx) to a polylysine-coated microscope slide [20].
• Extracellular superoxide dismutase type C (EC-SOD C) is a secretory SOD isoenzyme that, in vivo, is bound to heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the glycocalyx of various cell types (e.g., endothelial cells) and in the connective tissue matrix [21].
• Additionally, further analysis revealed a substantial decrease in the anionic glycocalyx on the luminal face of the fenestral diaphragms in endothelium from tumors (especially VEGF:CHO) when compared to intestine or pancreas [22].
• Other possible membrane components involved in the sensing of shear stress include G-protein coupled receptors, intercellular junction proteins, membrane glycocalyx, and the lipid bilayer [23].
• Photoreceptors project from the outer retinal surface into a specialized glycocalyx, the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), which contains hyaluronan (HA) and two novel proteoglycans, Spacr and Spacrcan [24].

Associations of Glycocalyx with chemical compounds

• The glycocalyx was absent on organisms fixed without osmium and was partially lost when parasites aggregated in their own secretions before fixation [25].
• Thus it has become feasible to visualize habitats of two surface enzymes, angiotensin-converting enzyme and carboxypeptidase N. Efforts to visualize surface enzymes required development of means of replicating cell surfaces, a methodology that in turn provided the first en face view of the glycocalyx [26].
• These results, coupled with those of previous studies of permeability changes induced by sialic acid removal, indicate that control of cellular Ca permeability resides in at least two separate sites at the cellular surface: (1) the glycocalyx and (2) the lipid bilayer [27].
• Glycocalicin, a major glycoprotein of the platelet glycocalyx, is obtained in soluble forms following platelet homogenization and has been purified to homogeneity [28].
• Since sialic acids are located terminally on the bronchoalveolar lining cells' glycocalyx and play crucial roles, we focused mainly on the existing lung histochemical and biochemical data of these sugar residues, as well as their evolution throughout lung development [29].

Gene context of Glycocalyx

• These results suggest (1) that the intact distal tubular epithelium of the human kidney does not bind crystals, and (2) that crystal retention in the human kidney may depend on the expression of CD44-, OPN-, and-HA rich cell coats by damaged distal tubular epithelium [30].
• Cytofluorimetry of disaggregated cervical squames confirmed membranous expression and immunogold labelling of ultrathin cryostat sections localized CEA to the glycocalyx and to within cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicles of mature squames [31].
• Mucin glycoproteins are major constituents of the glycocalyx that covers mucosal epithelium [32].
• As it approaches the maternal surface, the attaching embryo encounters the epithelial glycocalyx, which contains the mucin, MUC1 [33].
• In the cell coat of the cardiomyocytes of the bare heart tube the fibronectin and laminin are concentrated in patches [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Glycocalyx

• By electron microscopy, the cell coat was seen as a tangled network of hyaluronidase-sensitive filaments decorated with ruthenium red-positive proteoglycan granules [35].
• Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated significant reduction in glycocalix and no visible organisms with all concentrations except 0.5 micrograms/ml trospectomycin and 1 microgram/ml clindamycin; for those, a moderate amount of glycocalix and a few bacteria were seen [36].
• Isolated canine femoral arteries were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution at a wide range of perfusion rates with and without pretreatment with hyaluronidase to degrade hyaluronic acid glycosaminoglycans within the glycocalyx layer [37].
• Pretreatment of endothelial cells with neuraminidase, heparinase or heparitinase to alter their glycocalyx composition substantially enhanced the effect of microspheres on H2O2 and O2- generation [38].
• Earlier work has shown that oral administration of indomethacin produced oxidative damage in the small intestine and attenuation of the glycocalyx layer of the mucosa [39].

References