Disease relevance of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with abnormalities in serum gastrin concentration, antral gastrin and somatostatin content, and D-cell density in adults [1].
• Overproduction of the NH2-terminal domain of Fpr3 is also growth inhibitory in normal cells and fpr1 delta mutants, but this toxicity is not ameliorated in fpr1 delta cells by rapamycin [2].
• Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin-containing D-cells in diabetes [3].
• Using polymerase chain reaction, we probed for the presence of T-cell receptor gamma delta cells in fresh-frozen early autopsy brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis and patients with non-multiple sclerosis conditions [4].
• However, after pretreatment of D-cells with pertussis toxin (200 ng/ml), carbachol paradoxically stimulated basal somatostatin release and potentiated the secretagogue action of forskolin [5].

High impact information on Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• TLC1 RNA, which determines the sequence of telomeric DNA in vivo, was present in normal amounts in est1 delta cells [6].
• A 3.7 kb mRNA coding for the G-CSF receptor could be detected in mouse myeloid leukemia NFS-60 and WEHI-3B D+ cells as well as in bone marrow cells [7].
• Increased expression of Class I (HLA-A, B, and C) molecules was observed in the affected islet cells, and in damaged islets showing scant lymphocytic infiltration, some beta cells (still producing insulin), but not glucagon or somatostatin cells, were HLA-DR positive [8].
• We propose that the early expression of Pax4 in a subset of endocrine progenitors is essential for the differentiation of the beta and delta cell lineages [9].
• Small synthetic peptides that correspond to different portions of the 65-kilodalton mycobacterial heat shock protein (Hsp65) were used to identify a putative antigenic epitope for gamma delta cells [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• HSV-1 glycoprotein I-reactive TCR gamma delta cells directly recognize the peptide backbone in a conformationally dependent manner [11].
• In cross-resistance studies, we observed resistance of yeast sky1 Delta cells (i.e., cells from which the SKY1 gene had been disrupted) to cisplatin, carboplatin (but not oxaliplatin), doxorubicin and daunorubicin, and hypersensitivity to cadmium chloride and 5-fluorouracil [12].
• Xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells excised about 20% of the angelicin adducts, group D cells excised 55-60%, and group E, 80% [13].
• When omeprazole-treated mice were treated with antibiotics alone, elevated plasma gastrin levels returned to baseline and D cell numbers returned to resting levels despite persistent hypochlorhydria [14].
• Eradication of H. pylori in duodenal ulcer patients by a combination of bismuth, tetracycline and metronidazole has been reported to increase the density of somatostatin-producing D cells in the antrum [15].

Biological context of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• Phenotypes of yeast elp1 delta cells demonstrated an involvement of elongator in transcriptional elongation as well as activation in vivo [16].
• Equally significant, the results show that the poor expression of TCR-gamma genes in IL-7Ralpha(-/-) mice is responsible for the selective deficit in gamma/delta cells in these mice, since a high copy TCR-gamma transgene exhibited sufficient residual expression in IL-7Ralpha(-/-) mice to drive gamma/delta cell development [17].
• PACAP and VIP stimulated calcium signaling and somatostatin release from D cells with almost equal efficacy [18].
• By contrast with alpha beta T cells, the density of gamma delta cells was significantly associated with genetic markers for coeliac disease susceptibility (DR3, DQA, and DQB) [19].
• Surprisingly, cells lacking epsilon-COP (sec28 Delta) grow well up to 34 degrees C and display normal trafficking of carboxypeptidase Y and KKXX-tagged proteins at a permissive temperature. epsilon-COP is thus non-essential for yeast cell growth, but sec28 Delta cells are thermosensitive [20].

Anatomical context of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• LAK cells induced by IL-7, like those induced by IL-2, were phenotypically heterogeneous and included CD8+, CD56+, and gamma/delta+ cells [21].
• Data now show that in both rats and humans this new molecular form is concentrated in the D cell of the gastrointestinal mucosa together with somatostatin-28(1-12) [22].
• Adrenergic modulation of pancreatic A, B, and D cells alpha-Adrenergic suppression and beta-adrenergic stimulation of somatostatin secretion, alpha-adrenergic stimulation of glucagon secretion in the perfused dog pancreas [23].
• Two populations of RA-treated FL cells could be identified: one with an intermediate RNA content (T-cells) similar to near-plateau-phase control cultures and the other with low RNA content (Q-cells) similar to that observed for DMSO-differentiated (D) cells [24].
• Ultrastructural studies performed on pyloric D cells using the protein A-gold technique reveals that antrin is present in the same secretory granules as somatostatin-28(1-12) and detectable in one-third of all secretory granules [22].

Associations of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells with chemical compounds

• A monoclonal antibody directed against TCR delta was produced that binds specifically to the surface of several TCR gamma delta cell lines and immunoprecipitates the TCR gamma delta as a heterodimer from Triton X-100 detergent lysates and also immunoprecipitates the TCR delta subunit alone after chain separation [25].
• Functional studies revealed that, while both TCR-gamma/delta+ cell subsets showed CD3-mediated activation, only BB3+ (or Ti gamma A+) cells, but not delta TCS1+ cells, appeared to proliferate in response to PPD in PPD-reactive individuals [26].
• Prosomatostatin-derived antrin is present in gastric D cells and in portal blood [22].
• Despite the association of a normal quantity of intracellular cobalamin with methionine synthetase, the proportion of intracellular cobalamin which was methyl-B12 was below normal and in the range observed in cobalamin C and D cells [27].
• GABA labeling was also observed in two other antral endocrine cell types, classified by morphological criteria as somatostatin producing D cells and serotonin producing ECn cells [28].

Gene context of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• Our study indicates a requirement of Arx for alpha-cell fate acquisition and a repressive action on beta-and delta-cell destiny, which is exactly the opposite of the action of Pax4 in endocrine commitment [29].
• This indicates that SDB25 function is confined to M/G1, and morphological analysis of sdb25 delta cells supports this conclusion [30].
• A CCK-mediated stimulation of paracrine somatostatin secretion from antral and fundic D cells represents a candidate mechanism for the inhibition of the parietal and gastrin cell in humans [31].
• Oxyntic D-cell density was the same in both mutant strains, but the D cells were more active in the gastrin KO than in the double-KO mice [32].
• The D cell is activated by either gastrin or CCK and appears to be inhibited by acetylcholine and somatostatin [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

• Immunocytochemistry with an antibody to the extracellular region of the receptor immunostained all gastrin cells (but not mucin or somatostatin cells), and detected appropriate-sized bands in Western blots of whole cell lysates [34].
• PACAP action on D cells was measured by [Ca(2+)](i) and radioimmunoassay [18].
• In situ hybridization with poly(dT) probes showed the accumulation of polyadenylated RNA in the nuclei of arrested nup116 delta cells, sometimes in the form of punctate patches at the nuclear periphery [35].
• Mutant coatomer from sec28 Delta cells behaves as an unusually large protein complex in gel filtration experiments [20].
• Immunofluorescence was used to document the presence of IL-4 receptors on the gastric SOM-secreting cell (D cell) [36].

References