Disease relevance of Camelids, New World

• During hypoxemia, fetal plasma ACTH, adrenal blood flow, and, therefore, delivery of ACTH to the adrenals increased to similar extents in both intact and carotid-denervated fetal llamas [1].
• In El Dorado County, positive ticks were found at sites where cases of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a horse and a llama had recently occurred [2].
• Here we employed the latter approach for improving the affinity of PTH22, a parathyroid hormone (PTH)-derived peptide-specific V(H)H that was isolated from a naive llama phage display library [3].
• PROCEDURE: 9 llamas received various doses of medetomidine (0.01, 0.02, or 0.03 mg/kg [0.005, 0.009, or 0.014 mg/lb] of body weight, i.m.). Heart and respiratory rates and sedative effects were recorded [4].
• Foot-and-mouth disease virus in the llama (Lama glama): diagnosis, transmission, and susceptibility [5].

Psychiatry related information on Camelids, New World

• Pituitary response to repeated copulation and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration in llamas and alpacas [6].

High impact information on Camelids, New World

• However, antibodies from camels and llamas are an important exception to this in that their sera contain, in addition, a unique kind of antibody that is formed by heavy chains only [7].
• Recently, the high-resolution MPT-bound structure of the Cnx1 G domain (Cnx1G) has been determined (Kuper, J., Llamas, A., Hecht, H. J., Mendel, R. R., and Schwarz, G. (2004) Nature 430, 803-806) [8].
• Topographic determinants on cytochrome c. I. The complete antigenic structures of rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c in rabbits and mice1 [9].
• These changes occurred in absence of changes in PARP protein degradation, suggesting that the cell death of the brain was not enhanced in the fetal llama during hypoxaemia [10].
• Bactericidal effects of a fusion protein of llama heavy-chain antibodies coupled to glucose oxidase on oral bacteria [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Camelids, New World

• On development of bacteremia, llamas had significant decreases in serum iron (from 118+/-25 to 6+/-4 microg/ml) and increases in serum glucose (from 131+/-5 to 253+/-48 mg/dl) concentrations [12].
• For each of 3 separate evaluations, 6 fasted llamas (Lama glama) were sedated with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and then 15 minutes later were given normal saline solution (5.0 ml, IV; control values), doxapram (2.2 mg/kg, IV), or 4-amino-pyridine (0.3 mg/kg, IV) and yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg, IV) [13].
• Despite treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole, cimetidine, and ceftiofur, the llama developed gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis and was euthanatized [14].
• Unlike the severe hypertension and death that has been reported following dinoprost tromethamine administration in the llama, no adverse reactions were observed in this study following cloprostenol administration [15].
• Time between birth and first suckling, body weight, rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate at birth and serum IgG concentration 24 hours after birth were not different between crias born after fluprostenol treatment and crias born to control alpacas [16].

Biological context of Camelids, New World

• The identification is described of all of the antigenic determinants of mouse and guanaco cytochrome c that elicit an antibody response in rabbits, and those of the rabbit and guanaco proteins that elicity antibodies in the mouse [9].
• The corpus luteum was maintained for a mean of 10 days after ovulation in non-pregnant llamas and to the end of the observational period in pregnant llamas [17].
• Single intravenous and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in healthy llamas [18].
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate use of fluprostenol, dexamethasone, and oxytocin for induction of parturition in alpacas, and to determine viability of the newborn crias [16].
• The llamas' progesterone concentrations increased after mating and remained high if conception had occurred: 6 to 12 ng/ml in months one to four, and 5 to 9 ng/ml in months five to nine of the 11-month gestation [19].

Anatomical context of Camelids, New World

• The response of the pituitary gland and ovary to repeated copulatory periods and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, i.v. 1000 micrograms) administration was determined in llamas and alpacas [6].
• CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On isolated smooth muscle strips of the third compartment of llamas, exogenous PGE2 and PGF2alpha had a variable effect on contractile strength [20].
• In addition, rabbit IgG antibodies raised against cysteine proteinase Fas2 showed infiltration of this parasite antigen associated to the degradation of bile ducts and liver parenchyma of infected alpacas [21].
• Microanatomic features of pancreatic islets and immunolocalization of glucose transporters in tissues of llamas and alpacas [22].
• Nitric oxide synthase activity in brain tissues from llama fetuses submitted to hypoxemia [23].

Associations of Camelids, New World with chemical compounds

• The hypothesis that nitric oxide plays a key role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and plasma concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines under basal and hypoxaemic conditions in the llama fetus was tested [24].
• In conclusion, these data do not support the hypothesis that the fetal llama brain maintains cerebral hemispheric O2 consumption by increasing cerebral hemispheric O2 extraction [25].
• Nitric oxide plays a role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and adrenocorticomedullary functions in the llama fetus [24].
• 4. In conclusion, alpha-adrenergic and V1-vasopressinergic mechanisms contribute to a basal vasoconstrictor tone in the femoral circulation in the llama fetus [26].
• As a first step toward this goal, we report here the essentially complete (1)H and (15)N NMR backbone resonance assignments of a llama V(HH) antibody fragment, and an extensive analysis of the structure at higher temperatures [27].

Gene context of Camelids, New World

• The repertoire of the llama VHHs may be extensive due to the presence of a long CDR3-loop, often constrained by a disulfide bridge and the occurrence of H1 and H2 loop conformations not yet encountered in mice or human VHs [28].
• Homology analyses of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of llama IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 and phylogenetic analysis based on their nucleotide sequences indicated the close relationship in these cytokine genes between llama and eutherian mammalian order Artiodactyla (pig, cattle) and Perissodactyla (horse) [29].
• Carbonic anhydrase (CA) expression was examined in the red cells of two mammals that have adapted to low oxygen stress: the llama, which has adapted to high altitudes, and the beluga (or white) whale, which routinely dives for extended periods [30].
• Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleic acid sequences showed that llama IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were more closely related to those of camel, pig, cattle, sheep and horse than to those of human, dog, cat, mouse and rat [31].
• The similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha from llama (camel) to those from other mammalian species, ranged from 60.7% to 87.7%, 52.8% to 75.3%, 41.4% to 98.6%, and 72.9% to 99.6%, respectively [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Camelids, New World

• Ribotyping (EcoRI), macrorestriction analysis (XbaI) and fatty acid methyl ester analysis divided the strains from llamas into three stable clusters [32].
• PROCEDURE: A crossover design was used for administration of 3 single-dose treatments of enrofloxacin to alpacas, which was followed by an observational 14-day multiple-dose regimen [33].
• Plasma progesterone concentration during pregnancy and the early postpartum period was measured by radioimmunoassay in five alpacas (Lama pacos), of the Huacaya breed, whose pregnancy length had a mean of 344.8 +/- 4.4 days [34].
• RESULTS: Compared with sham-treated alpacas, insulin-treated alpacas had significantly lower blood glucose concentrations from 180 to 600 minutes after treatment; they also had glucose concentrations significantly below baseline values from 120 to 480 minutes, at which time the mean glucose concentration was in the hypoglycemic range [35].
• Immobilization of guanacos by use of tiletamine/zolazepam [36].

References