Disease relevance of Yellow Fever

• After the epidemic in Guinea, the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Epidemic Meningitis Control decided that 2 million doses of 17D yellow fever vaccine, being stored as part of a UNICEF stockpile, should be used only in response to outbreaks [1].
• Specific contraindications exist for other vaccines, such as yellow fever, oral polio vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and vaccinia [2].
• Here we report protection against lethal 17D yellow fever virus (YF) encephalitis of mice by passive administration of nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies to a 17D YF-specified nonstructural glycoprotein, gp48, and by active immunization with purified gp48 [3].
• We extend these studies by evaluating the inhibitory activity of castanospermine against a panel of clinically important flaviviruses including all four serotypes of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus [4].
• The nonstructural protein NS3 of the prototypic flavivirus, yellow fever virus, was investigated for possession of an NTPase activity [5].

High impact information on Yellow Fever

• Evidence that the N-terminal domain of nonstructural protein NS3 from yellow fever virus is a serine protease responsible for site-specific cleavages in the viral polyprotein [6].
• We have cloned and molecularly characterized the gene homologous to Drosophila Dl and to Anopheles gambiae REL1 (Gambif1) from the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, named AaREL1 [7].
• Yellow fever mosquito sterol carrier protein (SCP-2) is known to bind to cholesterol [8].
• Association of IDDM and attenuated response of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase to yellow fever vaccine [9].
• Neuroblastoma cell-adapted yellow fever 17D virus: characterization of a viral variant associated with persistent infection and decreased virus spread [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Yellow Fever

• The metabolic response to yellow fever immunization was investigated in four obese subjects who were consuming a protein-sparing modified fast plus 100 g glucose (PSMF + 100 g) for 3 wk [11].
• Chloroquine does not adversely affect the antibody response to yellow fever vaccine [12].
• The immunogenicity of bivalent CVD 103-HgR/Ty21a vaccine is not adversely affected by concomitant administration of mefloquine, yellow fever vaccine or oral polio vaccine [13].
• Our previous findings [Hazelton & Lang (1978) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 37(6), 2378 (abstr.)] demonstrated a senescence-specific decrease in glutathione (GSH) concentration in the yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Louisville)] [14].
• Combinations of selenazofurin and tiazofurin had additive effects against Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and Korean hemorrhagic fever viruses [15].

Biological context of Yellow Fever

• The yellow fever virus genome was detected in postmortem liver biopsies by seminested polymerase chain reaction [16].
• To gain further insight into NS1 function, we used clustered charged-amino-acid-to-alanine mutagenesis to create 28 clustered substitutions in the NS1 protein of yellow fever virus [17].
• The kinetics of MxA gene expression was analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 healthy volunteers vaccinated with the 17-D strain of yellow fever virus [18].
• Sixteen monoclonal antibodies that reacted with the envelope glycoprotein (E) of 17D vaccine strain yellow fever virus (17D YF), including two antibodies produced against dengue 2 virus, were used in a solid phase competitive binding assay (CBA) to define spatial relationships among antigenic determinants on 17D YF E [19].
• Thus the gene order for KUN virus relative to that proposed for yellow fever (YF) virus was as follows: KUN 5'...GP44.P19.P10.P71.(?).P21.P98-3', YF 5'...NS1.ns2a.ns2b.NS3.ns4a.ns4b.NS5 -3'. The identity of GP44 as NS1 was assumed from the known nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences; ns4a was not identified [20].

Anatomical context of Yellow Fever

• Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to live attenuated 17D yellow fever vaccine: identification of HLA-B35-restricted CTL epitopes on nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2b, NS3, and the structural protein E [21].
• Revisiting the liver in human yellow fever: virus-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes associated with TGF-beta, TNF-alpha and NK cells activity [22].
• Previous studies have demonstrated that the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) by the isolated corpora allata (CA) complex in vitro as well as the JH titer in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti are elevated before feeding and low after a blood meal [23].
• The mechanism of action of synthetic CCRF-DP, the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related diuretic peptide of the salt marsh mosquito Culex salinarius, was investigated in isolated Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti [24].
• A factor Xa-directed anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti [25].

Gene context of Yellow Fever

• Viral encephalitis caused by neuroadapted yellow fever 17D virus (PYF) was studied in parental and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-deficient (IFN-gamma knockout [GKO]) C57BL/6 mice [26].
• Some cells expressed TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but a much more intense proportion of TGF-beta expressing cells were found, suggesting both a Th1 and Th3 patterns of immune response in yellow fever [22].
• ELISA testing, a less complex and less time-consuming test, correlates well with PRNT and is proposed for additional trials to measure yellow fever 17D vaccine response in flavivirus non-immune subjects [27].
• Previously, we found that the insect midgut, a main site of iron load, is also a primary site of ferritin expression and that, in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, the expression of the ferritin heavy-chain homologue (HCH) is induced following blood feeding [28].
• Three Toll-related genes (AeToll1A, AeToll1B and AeToll5) were cloned and characterized from the yellow fever vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Yellow Fever

• Serial passage of yellow fever 17D virus (YF5.2iv, derived from an infectious molecular clone) on mouse neuroblastoma (NB41A3) cells established a persistent noncytopathic infection associated with a variant virus [10].
• METHODS: Four hundred and twenty infants who had completed BCG, OPV and DPT immunizations were randomized to receive yellow fever immunization at either 6 or 9 months [30].
• Also, sera from individuals with no known DEN infections that had been sequentially vaccinated with yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis reacted with the DEN virus cell culture antigen in the IgG ELISA, but did not react with the trpE-DEN pooled antigens [31].
• Site-directed mutagenesis of an acetylcholinesterase gene from the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti confers insecticide insensitivity [32].
• RT-PCR using these five primers amplified NS3 gene fragments of diagnostic sizes of 169, 362, 265 and 426 base pairs for dengue virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, but not for Japanese encephalitis, Kunjin and yellow fever viruses [33].

References