Disease relevance of Flavonoid

• The mutagenic activities of several flavonoids and flavonoid metabolites were examined by means of Salmonella typhimurium mutants that reveal base-pair substitution and frameshift mutagens [1].
• PURPOSE: We evaluated the protective effects of silymarin, a flavonoid compound isolated from the milk thistle plant, against UVB radiation-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer in mice and delineated the mechanism(s) of its action [2].
• The relative risk of coronary heart disease mortality in the highest versus the lowest tertile of flavonoid intake was 0.42 (95% CI 0.20-0.88) [3].
• Flavonoid intake (analysed in tertiles) was significantly inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease (p for trend = 0.015) and showed an inverse relation with incidence of myocardial infarction, which was of borderline significance (p for trend = 0.08) [3].
• Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in petunia anthers results in male sterility [4].

Psychiatry related information on Flavonoid

• In fact, differences in flavonoid intake were appreciated mainly between the first group (normal diet) and the other two (flavonoid-rich and supplemented diet), suggesting that dietary modification can be as effective as supplementation [5].
• Anthropometric indices, physical activity level, types and doses of oral hypoglycemic agents, and the intake of nutrients and flavonoid-rich foodstuffs did not change during the CPJ consumption period [6].
• 6-Bromo-3'-nitroflavone did not exhibit myorelaxant effects (up to 30 mg/kg, i.p.). Unlike diazepam, this flavonoid produced no anterograde amnesia in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance learning [7].
• The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of flavonoid, isolated from aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSF), on memory deficits, neuronal degeneration and abnormal energy metabolism induced by permanent global ischemia in rats [8].
• We investigated whether flavonoid intake could be associated with a lower incidence of dementia in a cohort of 1367 subjects above 65 years of age (Paquid) [9].

High impact information on Flavonoid

• P binds to and activates transcription of the A1 gene required for 3-deoxy flavonoid and phlobaphene biosynthesis, but not the Bz1 gene required for anthocyanin biosynthesis [10].
• Nitrogen fixation. Endocrine disrupters and flavonoid signalling [11].
• Differences in hydroxylation patterns of these three major classes of anthocyanidins are controlled by the cytochrome P450 enzymes flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase [12].
• Restriction-fragment length polymorphism mapping and complementation of mutant petunia lines showed that the flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes correspond to the genetic loci Hf1 and Hf2 [12].
• Nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors can be divided into three classes: aminoglutethimide-like molecules, imidazole/triazole derivatives, and flavonoid analogs [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Flavonoid

• Here we report on the identification of several cellular proteins that mediate the HIV-1 transcriptional inhibitory property of the flavonoid chrysin [14].
• Flavone-8-acetic acid (FAA) is a flavonoid drug that augments mouse natural killer activity, induces cytokine gene expression, and synergizes with recombinant interleukin 2 for the treatment of murine renal cancer [15].
• The flavonoid naringenin improves hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-treated rats [16].
• The flavonoid genistein and the benzo[c]quinolizinium MPB-07 have been shown to activate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the protein that is defective in cystic fibrosis [17].
• Plants containing epicatechin (a flavonoid) have been used to treat diabetes mellitus in Indian medicine [18].

Biological context of Flavonoid

• The rate of cell death in totally ischemic EMT-6 tumors was shown to be sufficiently rapid to represent a major component of the observed antitumor effect of FAA if the flavonoid acts via inhibition of blood flow [19].
• MYB.Ph3 binding sites are present in the promoter of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, such as the Petunia chsJ gene, which was transcriptionally activated by MYB.Ph3 in tobacco protoplasts [20].
• Flavonoid genes in petunia: addition of a limited number of gene copies may lead to a suppression of gene expression [21].
• Double mutants with tt12 and other testa pigmentation mutants were constructed, and their phenotypes confirmed that tt12 was affected at the level of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway [22].
• To test this hypothesis, we used RNA interference to silence chalcone synthase (CHS), the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the flavonoid pathway, in Medicago truncatula [23].

Anatomical context of Flavonoid

• We report the functional characterization of a member of the B(S) MADS box gene subfamily, demonstrating its involvement in endothelial cell specification as well as in the increasingly complex genetic control of flavonoid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis seed coat [24].
• The TRANSPARENT TESTA12 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a multidrug secondary transporter-like protein required for flavonoid sequestration in vacuoles of the seed coat endothelium [22].
• In situ hybridization localized its transcript in the endothelium layer, as expected from the effect of the tt12 mutation on testa flavonoid pigmentation [22].
• In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutants tt12 and tt19 devoid of a flavonoid transporter, flavonoids were present in the cytosol in reduced amounts but absent in tapetosomes and were subsequently located on mature pollen. tt4, tt12, and tt19 pollen was more susceptible than wild-type pollen to UV-B irradiation on subsequent germination [25].
• Studies over the past 30 years have supported a model in which flavonoid metabolism is catalyzed by an enzyme complex localized to the endoplasmic reticulum [Hrazdina, G. & Wagner, G. J. (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 237, 88-100] [26].

Associations of Flavonoid with other chemical compounds

• The cDNA fragments from the known flavonoid genes, except chalcone isomerase (chi1), were induced in the CRC-expressing line after hormone induction, whereas only the chalcone synthase (c2) and flavanone/dihydroflavonol reductase (a1) genes were induced in the P-expressing line, as was expected [27].
• The transparent testa4 mutation prevents flavonoid synthesis and alters auxin transport and the response of Arabidopsis roots to gravity and light [28].
• Fruit-specific RNAi-mediated suppression of DET1 enhances carotenoid and flavonoid content in tomatoes [29].
• Together, these data establish that TT10 is involved in the oxidative polymerization of flavonoids and functions as a laccase-type flavonoid oxidase [30].
• We present crystal structures of the UDP flavonoid/triterpene GT UGT71G1 from Medicago truncatula bound to UDP or UDP-glucose [31].

Gene context of Flavonoid

• Structural basis for specificity and potency of a flavonoid inhibitor of human CDK2, a cell cycle kinase [32].
• The flavonoid chrysin is an important dietary substance and induces UGT1A1 protein expression in cell culture [33].
• A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, inhibits activation of erbB1 signaling and induces cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, G1 arrest, and anticarcinogenic effects in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells [34].
• UGT1A10 compared with UGT1A7, -1A8, and -1A3 generally exhibited high activity toward acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and natural benzaldehyde derivatives, while UGT1A3 metabolized most efficiently aromatic transcinnamic acids known to be generated from flavonoid glycosides by microflora in the lower gastrointestinal tract [35].
• Staining of flavonoid endproducts with DPBA was consistent with expression of CHS and CHI in these seedlings [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Flavonoid

• Here, we show that the flavonoid luteolin inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis in a murine xenograft model [37].
• Using HPLC, the peak abundances were analyzed of 15 closely related flavonoids present in apical tissues of two full-sib poplar families, Populus deltoides cv. S9-2 x P. nigra cv. Ghoy and P. deltoides cv. S9-2 x P. trichocarpa cv. V24, and correlation and QTL analysis were used to detect flux control points in flavonoid biosynthesis [38].
• BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have linked flavonoid-rich foods with a reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality [39].
• The flavonoid quercetin reduces blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction in animal models of hypertension [40].
• Molecular cloning, characterization, and downregulation of an acyltransferase that catalyzes the malonylation of flavonoid and naphthol glucosides in tobacco cells [41].

References