Disease relevance of Broxuridine

• Female A/J mice (6 weeks old) were treated with a single dose of NNK (103 mg/kg of body weight, i.p.) on day 0, and the cell proliferation index was measured by the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) immunohistochemically [1].
• Multiploid tumors showed the highest median BrdUrd LI associated with the most frequent peritoneal dissemination and liver metastasis [2].
• To determine this, we labeled 55 breast carcinomas with BRDU in vivo and correlated the results with mitotic figure content [3].
• Primary infiltrating ductal carcinomas (n = 142) and primary lobular carcinomas (n = 6) showed mean and median BRDU labeling of 4.63% and 3%, 1.3% and 1%, respectively, with a range of 0-28% [4].
• Cases of papillary or nodular (PN) hyperplasia were divided into two types according to the localization of the BrdUrd-labeled cells [5].

High impact information on Broxuridine

• An avian muscle factor related to MyoD1 activates muscle-specific promoters in nonmuscle cells of different germ-layer origin and in BrdU-treated myoblasts [6].
• Based on mathematical modeling of the dynamics of BrdU-labeled cells in the blood, we identified rapidly and slowly proliferating subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes [7].
• Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. V. A new class of fragile site requiring BrdU for expression [8].
• Normal cycling patterns of hematopoietic stem cell subpopulations: an assay using long-term in vivo BrdU infusion [9].
• Proliferation of epithelial cells in the mammary tissue and adjacent skin was examined by in vivo labeling of proliferating cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and in situ labeling of the nuclear proliferation-associated Ki-67 protein by the antibody MIB-5 [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Broxuridine

• This study was performed to determine whether data derived from its use were comparable to published S-phase data from the use of thymidine labeling, BRDU, or other methods on breast carcinomas [4].
• Hairless mice were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU 24 h after treatment of their back skin with either a minimal erythema dose of UVB, or a single application of MNU or cantharidin dissolved in acetone [11].
• Melatonin inhibited the uptake of BrdU of melanoma cells at concentrations of 0.1-10 nM with a mean inhibition rate of 40% [12].

Biological context of Broxuridine

• MF exposure significantly enhanced BrdUrd and Ki-67 labeling in the mammary epithelium, indicating a marked increase in cell proliferation [10].
• Proliferation kinetics and cell lineages can be studied in whole mounts and macerates by means of BrdU/anti-BrdU technique [13].
• These results indicate that DNA ploidy and BrdUrd labeling indices may be possibly useful prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma [2].
• Neurons undergoing terminal cell division were identified by injecting tadpoles repeatedly with 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) for one to six developmental stages between III and XXI [14].
• Namely, DNA diploid, together with low BrdUrd LIs, was associated with favorable prognosis, whereas DNA aneuploid with high BrdUrd LIs was related to the poorest prognosis [2].

Anatomical context of Broxuridine

• The number of BrdUrd-labeled cells increased in the bronchiolar epithelium from day 2 to day 14, with the highest proliferation rate observed on day 5 [1].
• Topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate increased BrdUrd and Ki-67 labeling in epithelial cells of the skin, particularly in hair follicles, but not in the mammary tissue [10].
• The average number and range of distribution of cells labeled with BrdUrd in the pyloric glands were significantly larger in ACI rats than in Buffalo or F1 rats after administration of MNNG (83 micrograms/ml in the drinking water) for 2 or 16 weeks [15].
• Cell proliferation in the gastrulating chick embryo: a study using BrdU incorporation and PCNA localization [16].
• After allowing the tadpoles to enter late metamorphic stages (XX-XXV), the ganglia were double immunostained for BRDU and neuropeptide Y (NPY) [14].

Associations of Broxuridine with other chemical compounds

• Furthermore, chromosomes density-labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) can be separated from unlabeled chromosomes in Nycodenz gradients [17].
• IL-5 overexpression enhanced the eosinophilopoiesis and increased the presence of BrdU+ eosinophils and CD34+ cells in airways and enhanced the number of CD34+ cells in BM and blood after allergen exposure [18].
• Thereafter, fractional BrdU labeling of the small airway (circumference < 1,000 microns) epithelium and smooth muscle layer was significantly increased in O2-exposed animals (P < 0.01, unpaired t test) [19].
• The cell cycle status was analysed from DNA histograms or through continuous labelling of cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) followed by double staining with bis-benzimide (Hoechst 33258) and propidium iodide (PI) [20].
• Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity using N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester decreased the level of BrdU incorporation and cell counts in WT cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05) [21].

Gene context of Broxuridine

• MATERIALS AND METHODS: The skeletal growth was monitored by X-ray and dynamic histomorphometry, and the growth plates were analyzed by quantitative histology, calcein double labeling, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and TUNEL assay in 4- and 18-month-old female ER beta-/-, ER alpha-/-, and ER alpha-/- beta-/- mice [22].
• BrdU uptake studies showed that BrdU+ve MMC were increased by 20-40% (P<0.05) after Ha-ras AS-oligo at 24 h; other ras AS-oligos were inactive [23].
• BrdU and PCNA were found to have distribution patterns similar to those of EGF, TGF-alpha, and EGF-R, with intense staining at the tips and peripheral regions of the facial prominences [24].
• PYY in developing murine islet cells: comparisons to development of islet hormones, NPY, and BrdU incorporation [25].
• IL-6-/- mice were treated with an MMP-2 inhibitor and assessment of injury (histology and serum ALT levels), apoptosis by TUNEL assay, and hepatocyte proliferation by BRDU-labeling was performed [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Broxuridine

• The usefulness of this methodology was confirmed by comparing the data with those obtained by flow cytometry after bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation [27].
• By day 35, the BrdUrd-labeling index returned to the level of the control group [1].
• BrdU immunohistochemistry for studying adult neurogenesis: Paradigms, pitfalls, limitations, and validation [28].
• After a 7-day culture, the bones were sectioned, and chondrocyte proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and apoptosis by TUNEL [29].
• Adult male Lewis rats received a single intravenous injection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BRDU) to label all proliferating cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle [30].

References