Disease relevance of Ploidies

• p53 gene expression in node-positive breast cancer: relationship to DNA ploidy and prognosis [1].
• During eight successive isologous passages of hepatoma induced in male C3HA mice by N-nitrosodiethylamine, no common features of tumor progression were observed, although both the mitotic pattern and ploidy differed from generation to generation [2].
• Blast cell methotrexate-polyglutamate accumulation in vivo differs by lineage, ploidy, and methotrexate dose in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [3].
• p53 mutation, expression, and DNA ploidy in evolving gliomas: evidence for two pathways of progression [4].
• A series of colon carcinomas, adenomas, and adjacent tissues were analyzed for ploidy alterations and mutations in KRAS2 [5].

Psychiatry related information on Ploidies

• DNA ploidy did not show any correlation with age, sex, alcohol abuse, hepatitis B virus, serum alpha-fetoprotein level or underlying liver disease [6].

High impact information on Ploidies

• Clones of Tsc1 mutant cells in the imaginal discs undergo additional divisions but retain normal ploidy [7].
• Clinical and survival information were collected, along with data on 1p, N-myc, and ploidy [8].
• In two independent revertant lines, an increase in chromosomal ploidy occurred without a concomitant increase in the number of copies of the N-ras transforming allele [9].
• Moreover, ploidy regulation of the FLO11 gene had direct consequences for yeast development [10].
• Therefore, RAD17 links the checkpoint to ploidy control and is essential for the maintenance of chromosomal stability [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ploidies

• The lines were assessed for their sensitivity to other lectins, membrane glycoprotein profiles, ploidy levels, and their ability to produce "artificial" metastases in nude mice after i.v. inoculation [12].
• The prognostic variables used were: patient age, tumor size, number of axillary metastases, estrogen and progesterone receptor levels, S-phase fraction, and tumor ploidy [13].
• We investigated the effect of deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension and its reversal on nuclear ploidy in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, using flow cytometry [14].
• Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy pattern from deparaffinized formalin-fixed gastric cancer tissue [15].
• The proliferative activity of tumor cells differing in DNA content (ploidy) and nuclearity was investigated in primary hepatocellular carcinomas of the rat by flow cytometric analysis of collagenase-isolated cells immunostained after labelling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vivo [16].

Biological context of Ploidies

• The high ploidy phenotype in the pop1 mutant is dependent on the presence of the rum1+ gene, whereas the accumulation of Cdc18 is independent of Rum1 [17].
• The mutants were selected as resistant to camphor vapors, which results in increased ploidy, and were subsequently screened for an increase in cell density and an increase in the gene dosage of the lac operon [18].
• Such genomic instability is even more dramatic in Deltabub1 diploids, leading to massive chromosome missegregation events and loss of the diploid state, demonstrating that bub1(+ )function is essential to maintain correct ploidy through mitosis [19].
• The most frequently identified gene that arose from the bem1 synthetic-lethal screen was the bud-emergence gene BEM2 (Bender and Pringle. 1991. Mol. Cell Biol. 11:1295-1395), which is allelic with IPL2 (increase in ploidy; Chan and Botstein, 1993. Genetics. 135:677-691) [20].
• These combined results suggest that mutations in KRAS2 occur early in the development of human colon carcinoma, before change in ploidy, and that these mutations exist in diploid cells from which an aneuploid subpopulation arises [5].

Anatomical context of Ploidies

• Consistent with this result, we found that in both BM and spleen, Lnk-deficient mice exhibited increased numbers of megakaryocytes with increased ploidy compared with wild-type mice [21].
• Here, we show that perinatal inactivation of c-Myc in liver causes disorganized organ architecture, decreased hepatocyte size, and cell ploidy [22].
• Reversion to methionine independence in simian virus 40-transformed human and malignant rat fibroblasts is associated with altered ploidy and altered properties of transformation [23].
• Mature megakaryocytes with an unusually high ploidy distribution were obtained after differential centrifugation and velocity sedimentation of bone marrow cells through gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA) [24].
• Megakaryocytes in c-Myb mutant mice displayed reduced modal DNA ploidy and, among the excessive numbers of megakaryocyte progenitor cells, more mature precursors were particularly evident [25].

Associations of Ploidies with chemical compounds

• IGFBP expression levels were compared to tumor size, age, S-phase fraction, DNA ploidy, and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression by Spearman correlation [26].
• Constitutive IGF-II-expressing cells actively incorporated thymidine and showed an increase in the proportion of cells with >4N DNA ploidy in the presence of nocodazole [27].
• In the absence of auxin, cells elongated with concomitant increase in their ploidy level, but both were strongly inhibited by E2FB [28].
• In contrast, these two ploidy groups did not differ significantly in resistance to prednisolone, dexamethasone, vincristine, vindesine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and teniposide [29].
• Ploidy was assessed by microdensitometry of Chromomycin A3 fluorescence [30].

Gene context of Ploidies

• Deregulation of bir-1 promotes changes in ploidy, suggesting that similar deregulation of mammalian BIRPs may contribute to tumorigenesis [31].
• There were no clinically important differences in DNA ploidy, histologic type, HER-2/neu, and p53 expression among the three groups [32].
• Null mutations of CYCA2;3 semidominantly promoted endocycles and increased the ploidy levels achieved in mature organs, but they did not significantly affect the proportion of cells that underwent endoreduplication [33].
• MKs reached a ploidy of 32N and 64N in the presence of TPO [34].
• Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was upregulated at the early stage of megakaryocytic differentiation, and overexpression of p21 resulted in an increase in ploidy of UT-7 cells [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ploidies

• Moreover, IL-6 induced a significant shift toward higher ploidy classes when megakaryocytic DNA was quantitated by flow cytometry [36].
• RESULTS: Among stage D MYCN-amplified patients, 4-year event-free survival (EFS) +/- SE had no prognostic significance for tumor cell ploidy for patients either younger than 12 months or > or = 12 months old [37].
• CONCLUSION: In patients with endometrial carcinoma who did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery, the presence of decreased levels of pRb2/p130 in tumor cells is associated with a significantly increased risk of recurrence and death of disease, independent of tumor stage and ploidy status [38].
• To analyze the behavior of cell subpopulations within a tumor following tamoxifen treatment, we have used a new flow cytometry-based immunoassay and software that simultaneously quantitate PR levels and the DNA indices of ploidy and cell cycle stage in total cell populations or any subset thereof [39].
• We conclude that routine assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, DNA ploidy, and p53 may be valuable for the early diagnosis of SCC [40].

References