Disease relevance of zirconium

• Zirconium compound-induced pulmonary fibrosis [1].
• We conclude that zirconium should be considered a likely cause of pneumoconiosis and that appropriate precautions should be taken in the workplace [1].
• Absence of skin sensitivity to oxides of aluminium, silicon, titanium or zirconium in patients with Crohn's disease [2].
• Ultrastructural observations on epithelioid cell granulomas induced by zirconium in the guinea-pig [3].
• In this study, 2D PAGE was used as a tool to investigate the virulent state of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, incorporating the technique of beating the organism with zirconium/silica beads to provide a comprehensive representation of its proteome [4].

High impact information on zirconium

• Exposure of the zirconium hydrides containing the eta5,eta3-4,5-dihydroindenediyl rings to 1 atm of dihydrogen afforded the tetrahydroindenyl zirconium dihydride complexes, establishing the intermediacy of this unusual coordination environment during benzo ring hydrogenation [5].
• Zirconium-mediated SN2' substitution of allylic ethers: regio- and stereospecific formation of protected allylic amines [6].
• Kinetics and mechanism of N2 hydrogenation in bis(cyclopentadienyl) zirconium complexes and dinitrogen functionalization by 1,2-addition of a saturated C-H bond [7].
• Pentadienyls vs cyclopentadienyls and reversal of metal-ligand bonding affinity with metal oxidation state: synthesis, molecular structures, and electronic structures of high-valent zirconium pentadienyl complexes [8].
• When zirconium(IV) bromide is used as a precursor instead of zirconium chloride, zirconia nanoparticles with an average size of 2.9 nm were obtained [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of zirconium

• Effects of alumina and zirconium dioxide particles on arachidonic acid metabolism and proinflammatory interleukin production in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid synovial cells [10].
• Dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in sub-critical water over heterogeneous zirconium phosphate catalysts [11].
• Additional experiments confirmed that the magnetized carbonyl iron-insoluble zirconium hydroxide mixture was relatively nontoxic to both Salmonella Enteritidis and L monocytogenes Overall, the entire concentration scheme resulted in a 25-fold reduction in sample volume with the recovery of viable bacterial cells [12].
• Particular metals that possess antigenic properties which promote granuloma formation include aluminum, barium, beryllium, cobalt, copper, gold, rare earths (lanthanides), titanium, and zirconium [13].
• Delayed hypersensitivity study on zirconium compounds and beryllium sulfate [14].

Biological context of zirconium

• Despite suspicion that inhalation of zirconium should be capable of causing human pulmonary disease, documentation of zirconium pneumoconiosis in humans has been lacking [1].
• Although 2-lithioallylamines do not suffer intermolecular carbometallation, dimerization products are obtained with their copper or zirconium derivatives [15].
• The overall synthesis is based on three zirconium-mediated reactions: (a) oxidative addition of a benzyl ether, (b) cyclization of an allyl-ene compound, and (c) cyclocarbonylation of a diene [16].
• Cation mobility and kinetics of ion exchange in zirconium hydrogen monothiophosphate hydrate, Zr(HPO(3)S)(2)x1.5H(2)O [17].
• A single oral administration of an aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride to mice of both sexes in concentrations 1/20, 1/6, 1/2 of LD50 induced chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells [18].

Anatomical context of zirconium

• Both epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells were similar to those described in zirconium granulomas in man [3].
• The effects of some aluminium and zirconium compounds on guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and skin fibroblasts in culture [19].
• Cytotoxic effects of zirconium oxychloride on bone marrow cells of mice [18].
• Ellipsometry/antibody techniques were used to study the adsorption of heparinized human blood plasma and serum onto spontaneously oxidized zirconium, and a colorimetric assay measured the formation of kallikrein by the surface in citrated plasma [20].
• The objective of this study was to evaluate the tribology of a new biomaterial, oxidized zirconium, with articular cartilage in a laboratory test apparatus [21].

Associations of zirconium with other chemical compounds

• It has been discovered that the use of excess zirconium in reactions with 4,4'-biphenyl and 4,4'-terphenylbis(phosphonic acid) in DMSO or DMSO-ethanol mixtures produces microporous inorganic-organic hybrids [22].
• Titanium and zirconium complexes of dianionic and trianionic amine-phenolate-type ligands in catalysis of lactide polymerization [23].
• Determination of microgram amounts of zirconium in geological materials by coprecipitation with iron(III) hydroxide and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [24].
• Laser energy was delivered as a single pulse (250 microseconds) by tissue fiber optic contact with low hydroxyl-fused silica (200 and 500 microns), zirconium fluoride (250 microns), or sapphire (250 microns) fiber optics [25].
• Stereoelectronic influence of the type of bifunctional ansa-monocyclopentadienyldimethylsilylamido ligand on the molecular structures displayed by zirconium dichloride and 1,4-diphenylbutadiene complexes [26].

Gene context of zirconium

• The indications are that upon contact with blood plasma, zirconium activates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and is opsonized with C3 [20].
• The failure to detect properdin and transient presence of factor H at the surface suggest that complement binds to zirconium although the activation becomes quickly down-regulated [20].
• A fair correlation between the CEA levels determined by the solid-phase radioimmunoassay and zirconium phosphate gel method was observed [27].
• A rapid phospholipase D assay using zirconium precipitation of anionic substrate phospholipids: application to n-acylethanolamine formation in vitro [28].
• Immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein antigen-containing cells in beryllium-induced, zirconium-induced and sarcoidosis granulomas [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of zirconium

• Initial mechanistic studies on the Zr(Ot-Bu)4-HOAt system revealed that the active catalyst is a novel, dimeric zirconium complex as determined by X-ray crystallography [30].
• A new approach to oligonucleotide arrays is demonstrated that utilizes zirconium phosphonate-derivatized glass slides [31].
• The crystal structure of one of the series of these zirconium diphosphonates, ZrF(O(3)PCH(2))(2)NHC(5)H(11), has been solved "ab initio" by X-ray powder diffraction data [32].
• The results reported here were achieved by incorporating in the photopolymerizable sol-gel glass zirconium-based high refractive index species at the molecular level [33].
• It was found that charcoal and ultrafiltration techniques had no effect, whereas the zirconium oxide treatment completely corrected the impaired calcemic response and returned the plasma phosphorus to a concentration similar to that in nonuremic controls [34].

References