Disease relevance of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• Breast cancer cells exhibited increased phosphocholine (PC; P < 0.001), total choline-containing metabolites (P < 0.01), and significantly decreased glycerophosphocholine (P < 0.05) compared with normal HMECs [1].
• Lyso platelet activating factor and alkyl acyl glycerophosphocholine were not significantly higher in Crohn's disease than in controls [2].
• We identified sn-1-alkyl- and sn-1-acyl-type glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) core aldehydes from human atheromas and demonstrated their activities on platelets and arteries [3].
• We previously demonstrated in human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells that UVB irradiation activates PPARgamma via the generation of multiple oxidized glycerophosphocholine species with PPARgamma ligand activity [4].
• We found that after an optimal heparin dose of 60 units/kg body weight the rate of hydrolysis for diacyl glycerophosphocholine and diacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine is 1.16 mumoles/ml per hr and 22.4 mumoles/ml per hr, respectively [5].

Psychiatry related information on L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• OBJECTIVE: Higher than normal cellular levels of the phospholipid catabolic intermediate glycerophosphocholine have been found in postmortem brain tissue of persons with Alzheimer's disease [6].
• Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [7].
• L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine antagonizes scopolamine-induced amnesia and enhances hippocampal cholinergic transmission in the rat [8].

High impact information on L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• Intradermal injections of LTA and the PAF-R agonist 1-hexadecyl-2-N-methylcarbamoyl glycerophosphocholine (CPAF) induced cutaneous inflammation in wild-type but not PAF-R-deficient mice [9].
• Analysis of substrate specificity shows that GDE1/MIR16 selectively hydrolyzes GPI over glycerophosphocholine [10].
• Therefore, we examined factors that might determine whether counteraction occurs, namely different combinations of assay conditions (pH and salt concentration), methylamines (glycerophosphocholine, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide), substrates (DL-glyceraldehyde and D-xylose), and a mutation in recombinant aldose reductase protein (C298A) [11].
• In pulse-chase experiments, the specific radioactivities of the metabolites of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero(3)-phospho[14C]choline indicated that it was rapidly acylated to Ptd-Cho and then hydrolyzed first to free Cho and not to phosphocholine or glycerophosphocholine [12].
• The activity of the glycerophosphocholine-degrading enzyme glycerophosphocholine choline-phosphodiesterase was normal in Alzheimer disease brain [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• Platelet activating factor, lyso platelet activating factor, and alkyl acyl glycerophosphocholine were found in patients with acute Crohn's disease and in remission as well as in controls [2].
• For high-grade gliomas, the choline signal is composed of GPC, PC, and Cho in a well-balanced contribution, whereas in low-grade gliomas, the signal is largely due to GPC with a small involvement of PC and Cho [14].
• Levels of glycerophosphocholine and of glycerophosphoethanolamine did not differ significantly between Down's syndrome and control brains [15].
• Alpha-glucosidase, glycerophosphocholine, and L-carnitine were measured in sperm-free seminal plasma to determine whether these markers reflected the epididymal function of men attending an infertility clinic [16].
• In aged rats hypothyroidism induced a decrease of sphingomyelin and glycerophosphocholine and an increase of cholesterol [17].

Biological context of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• The 85-kDa Group IV calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of palmitoylglycero-3-phosphocholine to palmitic acid and glycero-3-phosphocholine [18].
• The Group VIA Phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)beta) is the first recognized cytosolic Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) and has been proposed to participate in arachidonic acid (20:4) incorporation into glycerophosphocholine lipids, cell proliferation, exocytosis, apoptosis, and other processes [19].
• The protein encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frame YPL110c effects glycerophosphocholine metabolism in vivo, most likely by acting as a glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase [20].
• We have shown that free radical processes can lead to the formation of biologically active isoleukotrienes in glycerophosphocholine liposomes, and we propose that B4-isoleukotrienes may also be formed in membrane glycerophospholipids as a result of lipid peroxidation during tissue injury [21].
• METHODS: To this end, rates of oxygen consumption in freshly isolated, intact mitochondria were determined polarographically in the presence and absence of PE, Cho, ethanolamine (Etn), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE), and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) [22].

Anatomical context of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• (Chilton, F. H., Ellis, J. M., Olson, S. C., and Wykle, R. L. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12014-12019) indicate that in human neutrophils the metabolism of alkenylacyl-GPE and alkylacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC) are strikingly similar with regard to arachidonate metabolism [23].
• We confirm that ionophore A23187 induces substantial [(3)H]arachidonate release from differentiated but not control U937 cells, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI/MS) analyses indicate that differentiated cells contain a higher proportion of arachidonate-containing GPC species than control cells [24].
• Testes or other tissues of iPLA(2)beta(-/-) mice express no iPLA(2)beta mRNA or protein, but iPLA(2)beta(-/-) testes are not deficient in 20:4-containing glycerophosphocholine lipids, indicating that iPLA(2)beta does not play an obligatory role in formation of such lipids in that tissue [19].
• Eukaryotic cells control the levels of their major membrane lipid, phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), by balancing synthesis with degradation via deacylation to glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) [25].
• Previous studies have not recognized that phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine exist in human milk [26].

Associations of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine with other chemical compounds

• Renal medullary cells contain high concentrations of myo-inositol, sorbitol, betaine, and glycerophosphocholine, whose levels vary with urinary osmolality [27].
• Transcript profiling, using DNA microarrays, showed changes in the levels of transcripts for several enzymes involved in choline metabolism, which might explain the change in GPC concentration [28].
• By 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on extracts of the NU-82 tumor, two phosphodiesters were identified, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine [29].
• Nte1p, the product of open reading frame YML059c, is an integral membrane phospholipase against CDP-Cho-derived PC producing intracellular glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) and free fatty acids [30].
• Deletion of Plb2p function had no effect on glycerophosphoinositol or glycerophosphocholine release in vivo, in contrast to a deletion of Plb3p function, which resulted in a 50% reduction of phosphatidylinositol breakdown and glycerophosphoinositol release from the cells [31].

Gene context of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• Since the oxidized glycerophospholipid 1-hexadecyl-2-azelaoyl glycerophosphocholine (azPC) has been shown to be a potent PPAR gamma agonist, this study was designed to assess whether the PPAR gamma system is a target for UVB irradiation and involved in UVB-induced inflammation in epidermal cells [32].
• Incubation of apolipoprotein A-I with 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl glycerophosphocholine proteoliposomes in the presence of 3-morpholinosydnonimine or apoAI with phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides resulted in a significant increase in phosphatidylcholine core aldehydes with no formation of lysophosphatidylcholine [33].
• Alkyl-lysophospholipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl- glycerophosphocholine induces invasion through episialin-mediated neutralization of E-cadherin in human mammary MCF-7 cells in vitro [34].
• Posttranscriptional regulation of Git1p, the glycerophosphoinositol/glycerophosphocholine transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [35].
• Glycerophosphocholine-dependent growth requires Gde1p (YPL110c) and Git1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine

• Statistically significant increases in the membrane catabolite glycerophosphocholine, a phosphodiester, were also observed in both tumors and cell culture after irradiation, with a greater percentage change in vitro [36].
• A method has been developed for the analysis of derivatized diradylglycerols obtained from glycerophosphocholine (GPC) of transformed murine bone marrow-derived mast cells that provided high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of GPC subclasses and molecular species separation with on-line quantitation using UV detection [37].
• Analysis of oxidized glycerophosphocholine lipids using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and microderivatization techniques [38].
• Analysis by thin-layer chromatography showed that the soluble radioactivity was mainly associated with glycerophosphocholine (GPC) [39].
• The effect of free fatty acids on the phase transition characteristics and fluidity of bilayers of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine were studied by pyrene eximer fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry [40].

References