Disease relevance of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Reaccumulation of most organic osmolytes except glycerophosphorylcholine is delayed during the correction of hyponatremia and is independent of the correction rate of serum sodium [1].
• There were no changes in the concentrations of these osmoles (specifically myoinositol, sorbitol, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine [GPC], phosphocreatine, glutamine, glutamate, and taurine) in rats with acute (2 h) hypernatremia (serum Na 194 +/- 5 meq/liter) [2].
• In myotonic dystrophy and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, GPC/PCr values increased greatly [3].
• Defective synthesis of glycerophosphorylcholine in murine muscular dystrophy; the primary molecular lesion [4]?
• Diabetes mellitus (1 week) increases sorbitol at all levels of the inner medulla, decreases glycerophosphorylcholine and has little effect on inositol [5].

Psychiatry related information on 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Intracerebroventricular administration of O-DH-PC at a dose of 10 micrograms/rat induced significant increase in paradoxical sleep time and total sleep time in the following 24 h, while administration of GPC did not [6].
• No sorbitol was detected, and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) content was not affected by water deprivation [7].

High impact information on 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Specific radioactivities of choline, acetylcholine, phosphocholine, lecithin, lysolecithin, and glycerophosphorylcholine have been measured in brain, blood, liver, and muscle after the intravenous injection of three labeled precursors: choline, methyl-labeled methionine, and ethanolamine [8].
• When cells were treated with antimicrotubule drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, colchicine, nocodazole), but not with methotrexate and doxorubicin, a profound elevation of intracellular glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) was recorded that was not associated with changes in phospholipid composition of cell membrane [9].
• The steady-state level of GPC for paclitaxel-treated cells was reached after approximately 4 h for synchronized cells and after approximately 24 h (approximate duration of one cell cycle) for the unsynchronized ones [9].
• Overexpression of two Sec14p homologs Sfh2p and Sfh4p in sec14(ts) cells restored secretion and growth at the restrictive temperature but did not restore GPCho accumulation [10].
• These findings suggest that sn-1-monobutyroylphosphatidylcholine transport is protein-mediated. sn-1-Monobutyroylphosphatidylcholine transported into microsomes was degraded to glycerophosphorylcholine [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Modulations of glycerophosphorylcholine and phosphorylcholine in Friend erythroleukemia cells upon in vitro-induced erythroid differentiation: a 31P NMR study [12].
• When the serum FSH values were normal in men with spermatogenic failure and obstructive azoospermia, a significant difference was found in the GPC/choline ratio (P < 0.001) [13].
• In vitro spectra showed elevated phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine, and reduced glycerophosphorylethanolamine and glycerophosphorylcholine, mirroring the in vivo changes, but no distinction was noted between compensated and decompensated cirrhosis [14].
• Increased levels of taurine, creatine and glycerophosphorylcholine in the jejunal muscles were associated with the muscular hypertrophy and disrupted jejunal functions [15].
• The treatment of human breast cancer cells with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin, reverted the high PC/low GPC pattern to a low PC/high GPC pattern indicative of a less malignant phenotype, supported by decreased invasion [16].

Biological context of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Alkaline hydrolysis gave glycerophosphorylcholine [17].
• Rates of de novo glycerophosphorylcholine synthesis in dystrophic mouse gastrocnemius are about half that of the wild-type homozygotes, whereas that of the heterozygotes is near the mean of the two homozygous groups [4].
• There were significantly higher levels of sugar phosphate, diphosphoglycerate, and glycerophosphorylcholine in the placentas of the growth-retarded pregnancies compared with those from normal placentas [18].
• Glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC)--an organic solute which is considered to be involved in cellular osmoregulation in the renal medulla--was determined by means of an enzymatic assay in various zones of the rat kidney and in papillary tubule suspensions [19].
• Urea, TMAO, and several other osmolytes were significantly lower in the muscle of little skates exposed to 75% seawater, whereas only glycerophosphorylcholine was significantly lower in the liver [20].

Anatomical context of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• These results rule out a transfer of PC or glycerophosphorylcholine, and are totally explained by an import of lyso-PC molecules used subsequently as precursor for the synthesis of eukaryotic plastid lipids [21].
• CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of histologic differences between muscle specimens of MHS and malignant hyperthermia-negative patients, these results could suggest that glycerophosphorylcholine could be a marker of an impairment in the phospholipid metabolism in the skeletal muscle of MHS patients [22].
• In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy shows an increase in glycerophosphorylcholine concentration without alterations in mitochondrial function in the prefrontal cortex of medicated schizophrenic patients at rest [23].
• The rate of change in intracellular pH, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), phophorylcholine (PCho), and nucleoside-triphosphate (NTP) levels were measured during 8 h of acidosis and 16 h of recovery in EPO, EAT, and RN1a cells, three cultured mammalians cell lines [24].
• Four prominent constituents of seminal plasma were identified by 1H-MRS: GPC, choline, citrate and lactate [13].

Associations of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium with other chemical compounds

• Betaine and other organic osmolytes, such as glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, and sorbitol, have been shown to increase in concentration during antidiuresis when the inner medullary extracellular osmolality rises [25].
• Myo-inositol and glycerophosphorylcholine efflux are calcium and G-protein independent and occur both across the apical and basolateral membrane, although to a different extent [26].
• Examination of media extracts by paper chromatography revealed that the released [3H] choline was predominately in the form of glycerophosphorylcholine [27].
• McaP releases fatty acids and glycerophosphorylcholine upon cleavage of phosphatidylcholine, thus exhibiting phospholipase B activity [28].
• Their spectral intensities were analysed using a non-linear least-squares method with a prior knowledge of the fixed chemical shifts and linewidths, leading to further resolution into resonances of glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GPE), glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), phosphorylethanolamine (PE) and phosphorylcholine (PC) [23].

Gene context of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Further, PS liposomes and glycerophosphorylserine, but not phosphatidylcholine liposomes and glycerophosphorylcholine, inhibited the binding of infected cells to CD36 and thrombospondin [29].
• Physiological properties of these fibers, such as utrophin expression, and high mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum content, together with probable increased glycerophosphorylcholine concentrations and facile access to the vascular system, are hypothesized to be instrumental in their resistance to pathogenesis [30].
• Our results show a significant increase in GPC levels to 330 +/- 21.540 +/- 25, and 220 +/- 21% of their initial value correlated to a decrease of PCho levels to 57 +/- 14.58 +/- 17 and 45 +/- 15% of their initial value in EAT, RN1a, and EPO cells, respectively [24].
• The P-31 spectra of liver showed the resonances of phosphomonoesters (including sugar phosphates), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphodiesters (e.g. glycerophosphorylcholine, glycerophosporylethanolamine), and ATP [31].
• Hydrolysis of 1-lysolecithin (1-acyl glycerophosphorylcholine [1-acyl GPC]) by preparations of phospholipase D from peanut seeds was investigated [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of 2-(glyceryloxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl)oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium

• Changes in water-soluble choline phospholipid metabolites, such as phosphocholine (PC), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), and total choline, as well as intracellular pH, were monitored by (31)P and diffusion-weighted (1)H NMR spectroscopy of living cells using an NMR-compatible perfusion system [33].
• We employed a combination of two-dimensional 31P-1H heteronuclear shift correlation and 1H total correlation spectroscopies to trace the spin connectivities of glycerophosphorylcholine and thus to identify its structure directly from crude ovarian extracts of mussels without ambiguities and the need for extensive purification [34].
• In addition, organic osmolytes (glycerophosphorylcholine, betaine and myo-inositol) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in cortex and outer medulla [35].
• Quantitation of glycerophosphorylcholine by flow injection analysis using immobilized enzymes [36].

References