Disease relevance of Catergen

• Side effects related to cyanidanol were fever (four patients), haemolysis (one patient) and urticaria (one patient) [1].
• Immune-mediated acute intravascular hemolysis caused by cianidanol (catergen) [2].
• These studies may explain the therapeutic effect of (+)cyanidanol-3 on certain types of liver disease [3].
• These studies also revealed that stimulated hepatocellular regeneration might play an important role in the cyanidanol protection of CD-amplified CCl4 toxicity [4].
• It is concluded that cianidanol is a useful and well-tolerated drug for improving the HBeAg/anti-HBe system in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic active hepatitis [5].

Psychiatry related information on Catergen

• Prior treatment with cyanidanol and a latency period were found necessary for protection [6].
• Patient compliance in terms of palatability of Catergen was good, and 3 of the 8 patients who completed the trial experienced subjective improvement [7].

High impact information on Catergen

• Flavan-type flavonoids behave like their related flavonoids; d-catechin also opposes lysosome disruption [8].
• Flavanone and six hydroxylated derivatives, and cianidanol and eight ethers and esters thereof, were investigated as inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 mediated reactions in rat liver microsomes [9].
• The IC50 values towards aminopyrine N-demethylation varied over a 20-fold range and were shown to depend on the pattern of hydroxylation (flavanone derivatives) and on lipophilicity (cianidanol derivatives) [9].
• Procyanidol oligomers and (+) catechin bound to insoluble elastin markedly affect its rate of degradation by elastases [10].
• (+) Catechin-insoluble elastin complexes were partially resistant to the degradation induced by human leukocyte elastase but were hydrolysed at the same rate as untreated samples by a constant amount of pancreatic elastase [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Catergen

• The synthesis and secretion of procollagen into the medium of cultures of human skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and from patients with the genetic disorder, ataxia telangiectasia, are markedly inhibited by the flavonoid (+)cyanidanol-3 [11].
• Effect of (+)-cyanidanol-3 (Catergen) in chronic active hepatitis. (Catergen plus prednisolone versus prednisolone in a controlled study) [12].

Biological context of Catergen

• This observation confirms that (+)cyanidanol-3 is able to prevent lipid peroxidation in vivo [13].
• Hepatocellular regeneration, quantified histomorphometrically as volume density of cells in metaphase, was progressively increased in rats protected from CD + CCl4 interaction by cyanidanol, starting at 36 hr and lasting until 72 hr [4].

Anatomical context of Catergen

• Secondly, when normal T cells pre-incubated with 25 micrograms/ml of (+)cyanidanol-3 for 48 h were cultured with freshly prepared autologous or allogeneic normal PBL in the presence of PWM, Ig production was markedly suppressed [3].
• Studies were undertaken to determine if (+)cyanidanol-3 could affect a function of mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in humans [3].
• On the other hand, (+)cyanidanol-3-induced suppressor cell activity of T cells from patients with CALD was significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) when compared with that of normal individuals [3].
• Addition of (+) catechin, a flavonoid, to the propositus's cultured fibroblasts decreased the abnormal solubility of their collagen [14].
• The acute hepatotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the potential protective effect of (+)-cyanidanol-3 (Catergen) were evaluated in both human and rat hepatocytes in primary cultures [15].

Associations of Catergen with other chemical compounds

• The addition of cianidanol at the beginning of incubation caused an inhibition of PGE2 production of the adherent spleen cells [16].
• Further, separation of fraction III from hulls on a semipreparative HPLC showed the presence of (+) catechin and (-) epicatechin as the main low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds present [17].
• However, when lipid peroxidation is induced by AA, the potency order is markedly modified: delphinidin > (-)-epicatechin > (+)-catechin > kaempferol > quercetin > luteolin > naringenin > apigenin [18].
• The hepatopharmacological actions of Prostacyclin, 1-phosphate-4-amino 5-carboxamido-imidazole (AICA-P), Catergen, Silymarin and a thiazolidine compound were investigated by applications in in vitro and in vivo model systems [19].
• Twelve-day-old mouse fetuses were administered tritiated triamcinolone acetonide (3H-TAC) intraamniotically and subsequently processed by one of the following three procedures: freeze-drying, prefixation with Karnovsky's fixative, or "the catechin fixative" (Karnovsky's fixative containing 1% D-catechin) and postfixation with osmium tetroxide [20].
• After catechin supplementation, the excretion of nicotinic acid was fully restored to the level found in the rats fed the low-fat diet [21].

Gene context of Catergen

• Superoxide dismutase (50 units/ml), catalase (200 units/ml), or the antioxidant cyanidanol (100 microM) also had no effect on LDH release upon reoxygenation after 60 min of hypoxia [22].
• Cianidanol and sylibin inhibited the elevation of GOT and GPT in anti-BLP induced liver injured mice [23].
• Immunological and antioxidant effects of the widely used hepatoprotective agent (+)cyanidanol-3 were studied in a complex in vitro test system using isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and of healthy donors [24].
• Serum GPT activity decreased to less than twice the normal in 12/16 drug-treated and in 7/13 control subjects, gamma-GT fell to normal in 7/16 cyanidanol-treated and in 1/10 control patients, IgG fell to normal in 4/8 drug-treated and in 1/9 control patients who all had initially elevated values [12].
• Certain phenolics notably naringin, (+/-) catechin, eugenol, vanillin and butylated hydroxyanisole were also found to induce cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity that stimulated the formation of specific aflatoxin B1-glutathione conjugate [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Catergen

• Similarly, there was a consistent suppression of blast transformation of concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated autologous or allogeneic responding PBL by (+)cyanidanol-3 pre-treated normal T cells [3].
• First, (+)cyanidanol-3 was added directly to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated PBL or co-culture of B and T cells resulting in severe suppression of immunoglobulin (Ig) production [3].
• Cianidanol therapy for HBe-antigen-positive chronic hepatitis: a multicentre, double-blind study [5].
• EC50s of catechinic acid autooxidation products against HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication were 2 micrograms/ml and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively, when cell cultures were treated with the compound during virus infection [26].
• In vivo, two hours following the oral administration of 1.5 g Catergen, an increase of the haemolysis time for about 25% could be demonstrated [27].

References