Disease relevance of Enteral Nutrition

• They were studied in a randomized order (a) in the fed state on the seventh day of a control period (C) of continuous high-carbohydrate enteral feeding alone, and (b) on the seventh day of enteral feeding plus exogenous insulin (200 pmol/h = 28 U/h) with extra glucose given as needed to avoid hypoglycemia (I+G) [1].
• These data show that enteral nutrition is less effective than a combination of 6-methylprednisolone and sulfasalazine in treating active Crohn's disease [2].
• INTERPRETATION: There was a low frequency of pneumonia, sepsis, and bacteraemia in patients with multiple trauma who received glutamine-supplemented enteral nutrition [3].
• We aimed to test the hypothesis that postoperative enteral nutrition is better (fewer postoperative complications) than parenteral nutrition containing similar energy and nitrogen amounts (112 kJ kg(-1) day(-1) and 1.4 g aminoacid kg(-1) day(-1)) [4].
• Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in patients with multiple trauma [5].

Psychiatry related information on Enteral Nutrition

• The main conditions associated with selenium deficiency fell into three categories: (1) insufficient selenium intake in low soil-selenium areas; (2) parenteral or enteral nutrition, or malabsorption; and (3) chronic conditions associated with oxidative stress, such as chronic alcohol abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [6].
• There are many controversial areas associated with the use of home parenteral and enteral nutrition, including the treatment of patients with terminal malignant disease or severe dementia, and those infected with human immunodeficiency virus [7].
• The results of the increased influence of pharmacists on the prescribing process included more appropriate parenteral nutrition therapy, earlier transitioning from parenteral to enteral nutrition, recognition of staff pharmacists as resources by the physicians, and increased job satisfaction for pharmacists [8].
• E group: patients who received enteral nutrition after operation (n = 12) and T group those who reviewed TPN postoperatively (n = 13) [9].

High impact information on Enteral Nutrition

• The results indicate that lactose should be reduced or eliminated from tube-feeding diets to improve patient tolerance and comfort and to reduce diarrhea [10].
• Vagotomy and administration of antagonists for CCK and nicotinic receptors significantly blunted the inhibitory effect of high-fat enteral nutrition on hemorrhagic shock-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 release (P < 0.05) [11].
• Management strategies for the prevention of intestinal failure-induced liver disease include early enteral feeding, a multidisciplinary approach to the management of parenteral nutrition, and aseptic catheter techniques to reduce sepsis [12].
• The most striking finding was in the level of agreement between the centers, particularly with regard to use of tacrolimus for maintenance immunosuppression, methylprednisone boluses for treatment of acute rejection, early postoperative enteral feeding, and ganciclovir prophylaxis [13].
• Larger studies are needed to investigate whether glutamine-supplemented enteral nutrition reduces mortality [3].

Chemical compound and disease context of Enteral Nutrition

• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six preterm infants (birth weight 0.9 (0.1) kg) were studied during two different periods: period A (n = 6): 40% of intake administered enterally, 60% parenterally; lysine intake 92 (6) micromol/(kg x h); and period B (n = 4): 100% enteral feeding; lysine intake 100 (3) micromol/(kg x h) [14].
• METHODS: In children with Crohn's disease measurements were done when the disease was acute and repeated at one and three months after treatment with either prednisolone or enteral nutrition [15].
• We hypothesized that enhancement of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins via high-fat enteral nutrition would reduce endotoxemia and prevent bacterial translocation [16].
• A hypothesis is proposed that the effectiveness of enteral nutrition in the primary therapy of acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease occurs because the successful diets used contain insufficient precursors for arachidonate derived eicosanoid synthesis [17].
• CONCLUSION: In critically ill patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, erythromycin promotes gastric emptying and improves the chances of successful early enteral nutrition [18].

Biological context of Enteral Nutrition

• From 1998 to 2000, 42 patients (>60%TBSA burns) received continuous enteral nutrition at a spectrum of caloric balance between 1.0x REE kcal/d -1.8x REE kcal/d. Serial body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry [19].
• The effect of continuous enteral feeding on cholic acid kinetics in a child [20].
• The parenteral administration of lipid emulsions increases in vivo lipid peroxidation in adult and healthy newborn patients as well as in premature infants, whereas enteral feeding seems to lead to a more balanced accretion of polyunsaturated fatty acids [21].
• Effects of enteral feeding on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin in healthy volunteers [22].
• Stress-induced decrease in food intake was not a factor in these studies, as nourishment was given only by tube feeding [23].

Anatomical context of Enteral Nutrition

• Effects of enteral nutrition and ethanol on cytochrome P450 distribution in small intestine of male rats [24].
• However, meperidine demethylase activity was significantly decreased compared with chow-fed experiments only in hepatic microsomes from parenterally hyperalimented animals, whereas ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity was significantly reduced only in the enteral-nutrition group [25].
• The indirect exocrine, endocrine, neurocrine, and paracrine functions of the gastrointestinal tract that are dependent on feeding via the gut are greatly decreased in parenteral as compared with enteral feeding [26].
• CONCLUSIONS: Supplemental enteral feeding significantly increased plasma and peripheral white blood cell omega 3/omega 6 ratios and significantly decreased PGE2 production and postoperative infectious/wound complications compared with standard enteral feeding [27].
• The effects of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) on jejunal mucosa mass and protein synthesis were compared with results from previous experiments with rats fed by parenteral nutrition or enteral nutrition [28].

Associations of Enteral Nutrition with chemical compounds

• 159 patients were assigned to enteral nutrition and 158 to parenteral nutrition [4].
• Median 24-hour serum glucose levels during enteral nutrition (group median, 4.8 mmol/L) were higher than during fasting (4.0 mmol/L; P = 0.00098 vs. enteral) and lower than during parenteral nutrition (5.3 mmol/L; P = 0.0039 vs. enteral) [29].
• The infants were selected from 2700 consecutive births by exclusion of those with factors known to affect bilirubin metabolism, including enteral feeding [30].
• If these results are applicable to humans, the use of elemental liquid diets as the only source of enteral nutrition would appear contraindicated in patients receiving methotrexate [31].
• After treatment, the frequency of TNF-alpha secreting cells was reduced in patients receiving cyclosporin A, not reduced in patients with steroids or enteral nutrition, and not changed with treatment in UC [32].

Gene context of Enteral Nutrition

• Lastly, Pept-1 seems to play important roles in nutritional and pharmacological therapies; for example, it has allowed the use of oligopeptides as a source of nitrogen for enteral feeding and the use of oral route for delivery of peptidomimetic drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics [33].
• In this study, we further explore the molecular mechanism for ethanol-induced ADH expression during the UEC pulse in adult male rats fed ethanol by total enteral nutrition for 21-30 days [34].
• Use of fibronectin and somatomedin-C as nutritional markers in the enteral nutrition support of traumatized patients [35].
• Enteral nutrition however, produced a reduction in lymphokine-secreting cells equivalent to cyclosporin and produced the best histological and clinical improvement [36].
• Enteral nutrition decreased jejunal LPH and MGA mRNA abundance and activity and increased ileal ApN, ApA, and DPP IV activities relative to TPN (p < 0.05) [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Enteral Nutrition

• 24 patients were studied: 14 received enteral feeding and 10 total parenteral nutrition [38].
• METHODS: Patients with multiple trauma with an expected survival of more than 48 h, and who had an Injury Severity Score of 20 or more, were randomly allocated glutamine supplemented enteral nutrition or a balanced, isonitrogenous, isocaloric enteral-feeding regimen along with usual care [3].
• Risk factors for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci induced length of stay in the medical intensive care unit, use of enteral feeding, and use of sucralfate [39].
• To compare the effect of parenteral with enteral nutrition on gastroentero-pancreatic hormones, hypercaloric and hypocaloric nutrient preparations, commonly used clinically, were administered to rats either through cannulae in the jugular vein or gastrostomies [40].
• Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis [41].

References