Disease relevance of Reticular Formation

• Progressive supranuclear palsy: loss of choline-acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive neurons in the pontine reticular formation [1].
• The effect of bilateral lesions of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the EEG-EMG patterns of types B and C alumina cream-induced focal motor seizures was studied in cats with chronically implanted electrode and cannula lesion systems [2].
• Haloperidol catalepsy can be countered by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and, to a lesser extent, the reticular formation (RH) [3].
• Direct infusions into the medullary reticular formation of allethrin, which has a similar action on neuronal membranes as DDT, or the glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine, also elicited myoclonus [4].
• The drug CS-722 reduced the radio frequency decerebrate rigidity in a dose-dependent manner (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.); it inhibited the increase in discharges from Ia afferent fibers, gamma-motor activity, which was induced by stimulation of the reticular formation [5].

Psychiatry related information on Reticular Formation

• In vivo dialysis and in situ injections of carbachol indicate that the pontine reticular formation is not the only muscarinic cholinergic region involved, but data support the existence of a multisynaptic descending pathway involved in the muscle atonia of cataplexy [6].
• It has been repeatedly shown in cats that acute administration of carbachol into the pontine reticular formation (PRF) readily evokes a state that closely mimics natural paradoxical sleep (PS) [7].
• States of sleep and wakefulness were recorded for 4 h following pontine reticular formation injection of saline (control) or neostigmine [8].
• That is, the most profound hypersomnia was obtained when muscimol was injected in the vicinity of a target area which lies in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (at the level of the fourth nucleus) and in the reticular formation situated immediately below [9].
• The midbrain reticular formation does not appear to be involved in the stereotyped behavior produced by intranigral muscimol [10].

High impact information on Reticular Formation

• Enhanced visually evoked responses in cat LGNd relay cells during periods of increased alertness have been attributed in large part to increased rate of acetylcholine (ACh) release by fibres ascending from the brainstem reticular formation [11].
• We have use current noise produce by glycine to examine in more detail the characteristics of inhibitory channels in Müller cells in the brain stem reticular formation [12].
• Using the thaw-mount autoradiographic technique, oestradiol-concentrating neurones have been localized in many areas of the lower brain stem, including the locus coeruleus, n. tractus solitarii, n. dorsalis motorius nervi vagi, and reticular formation where catecholamine-containing neurones exist [13].
• In rats, PPI is disrupted by systemic administration of dopamine agonists or by manipulations of neural circuitry linking the limbic cortex, striatum, pallidum, and pontine reticular formation [14].
• Coronary vasoconstrictor responses qualitatively identical to those produced by hypothalamic stimulation were found with activation of paraventricular nucleus and lateral reticular formation [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Reticular Formation

• In vivo microdialysis in C57BL/6J (B6) mouse was used to test the hypothesis that activating adenosine A(2A) receptors in the pontine reticular formation (PRF) increases acetylcholine (ACh) release and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep [16].
• In narcoleptic canines, bilateral perfusion with oxotremorine (M2 muscarinic) (10(-5)-10(-3) M) in the pontine reticular formation produced a dose-dependent increase in cataplexy, which reached complete muscle atonia (status cataplecticus) during the highest concentration [17].
• Therefore, in the present study we have investigated acetylcholine release in the pontine reticular formation during cataplexy in narcoleptic canines [18].
• Bilateral lidocaine microinjections (4%, 0.3 microl) into the dorsolateral mesopontine reticular formation decreased muscle rigidity and blocked muscle tone facilitation produced by OX-A microinjections into the GiA sites [19].
• Extracellular serotonin levels in the medullary reticular formation during normal sleep and after REM sleep deprivation [20].

Biological context of Reticular Formation

• The distribution of neurons in the medullary reticular formation (RF) activated by the ingestion of sucrose or rejection of quinine was examined using standard immunohistochemical techniques to detect the expression of the Fos protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos [21].
• Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and caspase genes promotes neuronal apoptosis in pontine reticular formation after spinal cord transection [22].
• Effects of partial lidocaine inactivation of the paramedian pontine reticular formation on saccades of macaques [23].
• Pentylenetetrazol-induced enhancement of reticular formation auditory evoked potentials and acoustic startle responses in the cat [24].
• Effect of lidocaine and NMDA injections into the medial pontobulbar reticular formation on mastication evoked by cortical stimulation in anaesthetized rabbits [25].

Anatomical context of Reticular Formation

• Neurons containing aFGF immunoreactivity included magnocellular neurons in the septal area and nucleus basalis; some additional defined neuronal groups in the subcortical telencephalon; specific neuronal populations in the hypothalamus, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the reticular formation, and the pons; and motor and sensory neurons [26].
• GABA in the deep layers of the superior Colliculus/Mesencephalic reticular formation mediates the enhancement of startle by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958 in rats [27].
• The relative increases in glucose utilization in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and pontine reticular formation are new observations that are in accordance with the view that NREM sleep is important to brain plasticity in homeostatic regulation and mnemonic processing [28].
• STUDY OBJECTIVES: Anesthetics, including propofol, depress the electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuronal activity in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) [29].
• 2. In the bulbar reticular formation, most neurones were excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine; forty-three of fifty-one neurones excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine were also excited by stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus or nucleus raphe obscurus [30].

Associations of Reticular Formation with chemical compounds

• With this model, a REM sleep-like state was reliably produced by microinjecting the cholinergic agonist carbachol directly into the pontine reticular formation of the cat [31].
• GABA transmission in the deep layers of the superior colliculus/deep mesencephalic reticular formation (deep SC/Me) mediates several motor responses, including those expressed after systemic administration of dopamine agonists [27].
• We also tested whether EAA antagonists block EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation in the slices. mPRF neurons responded to both non-NMDA and NMDA agonists [32].
• The ventrolateral portion of the intermediate reticular formation of the medulla (ventrolateral medulla, VLM), including the C1/A1 groups of catecholaminergic neurons, is thought to be involved in control of sympathetic cardiovascular outflow, cardiorespiratory interactions, and reflex control of vasopressin release [33].
• Stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation elicited EPSPs that were depressed by the general EAA antagonist kynurenate [32].

Gene context of Reticular Formation

• The PYY and RPP antisera labeled groups of neurons and fibers in the rhombencephalic and mesencephalic reticular formation [34].
• M2 muscarinic receptors in pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J mouse contribute to rapid eye movement sleep generation [8].
• Proenkephalin A-related immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were detected in the central gray, reticular formation, nucleus raphes, trapezoid body, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, and in the nucleus tractus solitarii [35].
• Calb + terminals were also present in the small cell group Y and Cajal's interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve as well as in defined areas of the reticular formation [36].
• Longitudinally oriented PNMT-positive axons constitute a subset of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in the dorsomedial reticular formation [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Reticular Formation

• We examined the effects of electrical stimulation of a restricted area of the dorsal medullary reticular formation (DMRF) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in anesthetized (by chloralose), paralyzed (by curare) rats [38].
• Considerable data show that microinjection of carbachol into the pontine reticular formation produces a desynchronized (D) sleep-like state [39].
• This study used in vivo microdialysis to test the hypothesis that ketamine alters acetylcholine (ACh) release in the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) [40].
• Microinjection into the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or lateral reticular formation (LRF) of the neuronal excitant glutamate produces analgesia, and suppresses the responses of a fraction of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious heat applied to ventral hind paw skin [41].
• Transplantation of hypocretin neurons into the pontine reticular formation: preliminary results [42].

References