Disease relevance of Zona Glomerulosa

• Sera from patients with idiopathic Addison's disease commonly react with the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex [1].
• Angiotensin II negatively modulates L-type calcium channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in adrenal glomerulosa cells [2].
• Angiotensin II receptors and in vitro aldosterone responses of aldosterone-producing adenomas, adjacent nontumorous tissue, and normal human adrenal glomerulosa [3].
• The response of the adrenal glomerulosa to renin stimulation was determined in 10 patients with dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism [4].
• Zona fasciculata origin of 18-hydroxycorticosterone in the chronically suppressed zona glomerulosa [5].

High impact information on Zona Glomerulosa

• The ratio of plasma renin activity to urinary aldosterone was used as a measure of the response of the adrenal zona glomerulosa [6].
• Inhibition of aldosterone production in the adrenal glomerulosa by atrial natriuretic factor [7].
• Somatostatin modulates effects of angiotensin II in adrenal glomerulosa zone [8].
• Our studies have shown that low concentrations of somatostatin specificity inhibit the production of angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone, and that this action is mediated by specific, high-affinity receptors for somatostatin in the zona glomerulosa [8].
• The secretion of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the mammalian adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH, potassium, angiotensin II and III, growth hormone, serotonin and E series prostaglandins [9].
• The expression of neuron-specific proteins in the zona glomerulosa and/or aldosterone-producing adenomas of the human adrenal has been reported; those include synaptophysin, neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), serotonin-receptor 4 (5-HT4), metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3 / mGluR3) among other glutamate receptors, Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), metallothionein 3 (MT3), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and voltage-dependent calcium channels, indicating the possible common regulatory processes between neurons and aldosterone-producing cells [10] [11] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18].

Chemical compound and disease context of Zona Glomerulosa

• Angiotensin II receptor and postreceptor events in adrenal glomerulosa cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with hypoaldosteronism [19].
• In addition, age-related alopecia and atrophy of the adrenal zona glomerulosa were retarded by ibopamine treatment [20].
• The uptake of iodocholesterol correlates significantly with the abnormal secretion of cortisol in Cushing's syndrome, aldosterone in the model of adrenal zona glomerulosa function, and adrenal androgen secretion in hyperandorgenism [21].
• Rats maintained on an intake of regular food were killed by decapitation and the adrenal capsule (containing zona glomerulosa) and the remainder of the gland (containing both cortex and medulla) were examined for their content of DA and also for norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) [22].
• It is concluded that nitrite decreases blood pressure in rats, which probably induces, by renin-angiotensin system activation, hypertrophy of the adrenal zona glomerulosa [23].

Biological context of Zona Glomerulosa

• Calcium oscillations in single adrenal glomerulosa cells stimulated by angiotensin II [24].
• Angiotensin II (AII) interacts with specific receptors in the adrenal glomerulosa cell and stimulates the hydrolysis of plasma membrane phosphoinositides by phospholipase C, with production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5-P3) and subsequent mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ [25].
• Quantitative changes in cytosolic free calcium [( Ca2+]i), membrane potential, and aldosterone production in response to angiotensin II and extracellular potassium were measured in intact bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator quin 2 [26].
• There is still no indication as to whether metabolic activation follows oscillatory patterns similar to those of [Ca2+]i. Therefore, changes in NAD(P)H were monitored in single pancreatic beta-cells, adrenal glomerulosa cells, and liver cells during oscillatory [Ca2+]i transients [27].
• The antibody was employed to analyze Ang II-induced phosphorylation of the endogenous AT1-R immunoprecipitated from cultured bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells [28].

Anatomical context of Zona Glomerulosa

• These receptors show characteristics that differentiate them from ACTH receptors in zona fasciculata or angiotensin receptors in zona glomerulosa cells [29].
• By using a mouse cDNA probe, hybridization histochemistry revealed renin mRNA in the renal juxtaglomerular cells, testicular Leydig cells, adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, and scattered cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary [30].
• The distribution of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) between cytosol and membrane fractions was examined in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells treated with angiotensin II or potassium [31].
• These results implicate the Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, in AII-induced enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity in both adrenal glomerulosa and transfected COS-7 cells [32].
• Interestingly, in adrenal gland, renin expression was also strongly up-regulated in a thickened zona glomerulosa, whereas AT1 mRNA expression remained unchanged [33].

Associations of Zona Glomerulosa with chemical compounds

• Angiotensin II regulates its receptor sites in the adrenal glomerulosa zone [34].
• To address the question as to how zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell angiotensin II (Ang II) secretion is regulated, we developed an immuno-cell blot assay to measure its secretion from single cells [35].
• Angiotensin II (AII) in adrenal glomerulosa cells activates phospholipase C resulting in the formation of inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol rich in arachidonic acid (AA) [36].
• In isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells from chronically stressed rats, maximum aldosterone responses to angiotensin II, ACTH, and 8-Br-cAMP were significantly decreased, whereas pregnenolone responses were increased [37].
• Enzymatic assays of purified rat mitochondrial proteins have suggested that one enzyme found in all zones of the adrenal cortex has both 11- and 18-hydroxylase activities, whereas another enzyme, found exclusively in the zona glomerulosa, catalyzes 18-hydroxylation and 18-oxidation of corticosterone [38].

Gene context of Zona Glomerulosa

• Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is involved in the final steps of aldosterone biosynthesis and expressed exclusively in the adrenal zona glomerulosa cells [39].
• Repression of DAX-1 and induction of SF-1 expression. Two mechanisms contributing to the activation of aldosterone biosynthesis in adrenal glomerulosa cells [40].
• Immunohistochemistry showed that Ubc9 and PIAS1 are markedly expressed in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells [39].
• IL-1 and TNF-alpha directly inhibit aldosterone secretion of zona glomerulosa cells, whereas IL-6 enhances it [41].
• We have previously shown the presence of a specific, high-affinity, saturable receptor for porcine or human endothelin (ET-1) in cultured calf zona glomerulosa cells [42].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Zona Glomerulosa

• High concentrations of cGS-PDE have been localized to the zona glomerulosa cell layer of the adrenal cortex using biochemical and immunological techniques [43].
• To determine whether this blunting is due to a defect in angiotensin II receptors, we assessed angiotensin II binding to intact adrenal glomerulosa cells in SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) that had been fed high or low sodium diets before sacrifice [44].
• RT-PCR demonstrated the expression of both CCK1-R and CCK2-R in the zona glomerulosa (ZG), but not zona fasciculata-reticularis cells of the human adrenal cortex [45].
• We previously showed that adrenal renin is highest in the rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) and that low sodium or high potassium and nephrectomy increase adrenal ZG renin and aldosterone [46].
• The effects of the extracellular potassium concentration on the expression of four steroidogenic cytochromes P-450 (CYP11B2, CYP11B1, CYP11A1, and CYP21A1) in cultured rat adrenal zona glomerulosa cells were studied by Northern blot analysis [47].

References