Disease relevance of hypotaurine

• Taurine, hypotaurine, and GABA uptake by cultured neuroblastoma cells [1].
• When 5.0 mmol/kg of body weight of CSA was injected to rats, increased urinary excretions of taurine, hypotaurine and sulfate in 24 h urine were 617, 52 and 1,767 micromol/kg, respectively [2].
• Of the other inhibitory amino acids injected intrahypothalamically hypotaurine also induced a hyperthermia [3].
• UDP-N-acetylhexosamines and hypotaurine in human glioblastoma, normal brain tissue and cell cultures: 1H/NMR spectroscopy study [4].
• UDP-N-acetylhexoseamines and hypotaurine might be useful markers for brain pathology and play a role in cell differentiation and cell division [4].

High impact information on hypotaurine

• The clumping of spermatozoa on Con A-coated beads was enhanced in the presence of stimulators of capacitation (i.e., taurine, hypotaurine, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors) and was suppressed in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors (i.e., sodium azide and local anesthetics) [5].
• The synthesis of hypotaurine and taurine was investigated in astroglia-rich primary cultures obtained from brains of neonatal Wistar rats using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [6].
• The exodus rate was fairly rapid, with a t1/2 of 5 minutes at 37 degrees C. Analog inhibition studies indicated substrate specificity similar to the plasma membrane beta-alanine carrier system, with inhibition by beta-alanine, hypotaurine, and taurine. alpha-Alanine, 2-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB), and threonine were poor inhibitors [7].
• Taurine and hypotaurine content of human leukocytes [8].
• Over 80% of the 14CO2 formed from [1-14C]cysteinesulphinate could be accounted for by production of hypotaurine plus taurine in incubations of rat hepatocytes with either 1 mM- or 25 mM-cysteinesulphinate [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of hypotaurine

• Taurine and hypotaurine transport by a single system in cultured neuroblastoma cells [10].
• The significant depression of the body weight and food intake of rats caused by excess methionine was remarkably alleviated as previous reports and hypotaurine content in muscle and urine increased further by supplement with glycine to the excess methionine diet [11].
• Taurine and hypotaurine dynamics in activated C6 glioma: the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and taurine administration on intracellular hypotaurine and taurine dynamics in C6 glioma [12].

Biological context of hypotaurine

• Since superoxide seems to be the major inducer of lipid peroxidation in rabbit sperm, the protective effect of hypotaurine, which should be readily permeant to the plasma membrane, may be ascribed to scavenging of intracellular superoxide [13].
• Preincubation of spermatozoa with 1 mM hypotaurine prior to oocyte insemination did not have a significant effect on fertilization rate (p < 0.01) [14].
• Establishment of a key role for hypotaurine in hamster embryo development, support of IVF embryos to morula/blastocyst stages in vitro, and production of living offspring after IVF embryo transfer are significant steps towards the goal of obtaining comparative data on preimplantation embryogenesis [15].
• The rescuing effect of hypotaurine was due to an increase both in the percentage of motile sperm and in the quality (grade) of sperm motility [16].
• Taurine and/or hypotaurine are necessary compounds for sperm capacitation, fertilization and embryo development [17].

Anatomical context of hypotaurine

• More than two sodium ions may be involved in the transport of one hypotaurine molecule across the cell membrane [18].
• To determine if the putative amino acid transmitter taurine could affect the release of somatostatin (SRIF) from median eminence fragments, median eminences were incubated in vitro in the presence of various concentrations of taurine and its precursors, hypotaurine, cysteamine, cysteic acid, and L-cysteine sulfinic acid [19].
• Hypotaurine requirement for in vitro development of golden hamster one-cell embryos into morulae and blastocysts, and production of term offspring from in vitro-fertilized ova [15].
• Slices of cerebral cortex from rat and chick exhibited hypotaurine uptake but again the magnitude of the transport was three to fourfold less than in the comparative retinas [20].
• Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of boar seminal plasma. Problems encountered in the identification of small molecules: hypotaurine and carnitine [21].

Associations of hypotaurine with other chemical compounds

• Loss of forward motility of rabbit epididymal spermatozoa in high K+ phosphate buffer is inhibited by taurine, hypotaurine, epinephrine and bovine serum albumin [13].
• P. putida extract contained a transaminase whose activity involved as alpha-keto acid and either cysteine sulfinate or hypotaurine for (i) production of sulfite, (ii) disappearance of substrates, (iii) formation of corresponding amino acids, and (iv) urocanase reversion [22].
• In incubations of rat hepatocytes with cysteinesulfinate, the rate of hypotaurine plus taurine production was approximately the same as the rate of conversion of the 1-carbon of cysteinesulfinate to CO2 [23].
• First, some of these solutes may have unique protective metabolic roles, such as acting as antioxidants (e.g. polyols, taurine, hypotaurine), providing redox balance (e.g. glycerol) and detoxifying sulfide (hypotaurine in animals at hydrothermal vents and seeps) [24].
• The presence of beta-alanine and hypotaurine has been reported for the first time in goat epididymis [25].

Gene context of hypotaurine

• For Method A, in vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed in Fert-TALP supplemented with 6 mg/ml BSA, 5.0 mug/ml heparin, 20 muM D-penicillamine, 10 muM hypotaurine and 1 muM epinephrine [26].
• A variety of antioxidants that has previously been shown to be protective against extracellularly derived oxidants (e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E, hypotaurine) were ineffective in this system [27].
• In vitro development of IVF embryos to greater than or equal to 8 cells was absolutely dependent on hypotaurine [15].
• The ratio of formation of taurine to that of hypotaurine was similar for CSD from liver and brain [28].
• Hypotaurine, an antioxidant, may play an important role in protecting sperm from reactive oxygen species [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of hypotaurine

• Determination of cysteinesulfinate, hypotaurine and taurine in physiological samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography [30].
• Formation and accumulation of hypotaurine in rat liver regenerating after partial hepatectomy [31].
• The cell cultures displayed several functional traits of in vivo epithelia, including [35S] hypotaurine and [35S] taurine production [32].

References