Disease relevance of Mycelium

• PCR-based and Southern analysis of various actinomycetes, supported by analysis of genome sequences, revealed mreB homologues only in genera that form an aerial mycelium and sporulate [1].
• The hybridomas were screened with a cold alkali (CA) extract of mycelium containing protein, mannose, and galactose, and two MAbs of the immunoglobulin M class were purified from ascites fluid [2].
• Characterization of an A-factor-responsive repressor for amfR essential for onset of aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus [3].
• Autolysis of mycelia after the stationary phase in submerged cultures was apparently retarded by the addition of leupeptin; on surface cultures, aerial mycelium formation was clearly retarded by the addition of leupeptin [4].
• We report the development of two new transformation systems, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation of protoplasts and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of mycelium, for the filamentous ascomycete Venturia inaequalis [5].

High impact information on Mycelium

• These observations implicate the chaplins in aerial mycelium formation, and suggest that coating of the envelope by the chaplins is required for aerial hyphae to grow out of the aqueous environment of the substrate mycelium into the air [6].
• M. grisea deltaosm1 mutants showed a dramatically reduced ability to accumulate arabitol in the mycelium [7].
• As in yeast, gluconeogenic substrates lead to the synthesis of trehalose, which also occurs when mycelium is grown on acetate/sucrose under limiting aeration [8].
• A transient formation of trehalose has been observed upon incubation of starved mycelium, cultured on different substrates, with [13C]glucose [8].
• The DNA polymerase a is mainly produced in the exponentially growing mycelium [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Mycelium

• In Streptomyces griseus, A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3R-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone) switches on aerial mycelium formation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis [10].
• A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3R-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone) and its specific receptor protein control streptomycin production, streptomycin resistance, and aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus [11].
• Colonies of Streptomyces antibiotics were labeled with N-acetyl-D-[1-3H] glucosamine to localize the sites of hyphal growth during the development of aerial mycelium [12].
• During our taxonomic study of motile actinomycetes, soil isolate RA 335 was found to form a blue substrate mycelium and aerial mycelia with motile arthrospores and to have lysine as the cell wall diamino acid [13].
• Physiological roles of leupeptin and extracellular proteases in mycelium development of Streptomyces exfoliatus SMF13 [4].

Biological context of Mycelium

• Four metabolic activation systems (growth mediated mycelium extract mediated, host mediated, and organ homogenate mediated) were used to study the mutagenic activity of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in both forward and reverse mutation systems in the ad-3 (adenine-3) region of Neurospora crassa [14].
• Studies of growth and development on solid glucose minimal medium (SMMS, buffered or unbuffered) showed that MT1110 and BZ1 produced acid during the first rapid growth phase, which generated substrate mycelium [15].
• A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3R-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone) is essential for the initiation of aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus. amfR is one of the genes which, when cloned on a low-copy-number plasmid, suppresses the aerial mycelium-negative phenotype of an A-factor-deficient mutant of S. griseus [3].
• It is thus apparent that AmfR as a switch for aerial mycelium formation and AdpB as a repressor for amfR are members in the A-factor regulatory cascade, leading to morphogenesis [3].
• No cross-reaction was detected with the translated products from fructose-grown mycelium [16].

Anatomical context of Mycelium

• Penitrem A (400 mg mycelium/kg) increased the spontaneous release of endogenous glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and aspartate by 213%, 455%, and 277%, respectively, from cerebrocortical synaptosomes [17].
• Surprisingly, mycelium of the double Deltacat1Deltacat2 mutant with no catalase activity exhibited only slightly increased sensitivity to H(2)O(2) and was as sensitive to killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils as mycelium of the wild-type strain [18].
• The purified appressoria can be used for studies of their cell surface, and we have shown that there are clear differences in the glycoprotein constituents of cell walls of appressoria compared with mycelium [19].
• 3H- and 14C-labeled zearalenone were found to bind preferentially to one of two peaks containing uncharacterized proteins obtained from the cytosol of young mycelium and resolved by gel column chromatography [20].
• Because ad-3 mutations are recovered by a direct method, based on the accumulation of a reddish-purple pigment in the vacuoles of the mycelium rather than their requirement for adenine, this system is both a morphological and biochemical specific-locus assay [21].

Associations of Mycelium with chemical compounds

• The formation of the enzyme is repressed when S. antibioticus mycelium is grown on glucose as a carbon source [22].
• It is feedback-inhibited by L-arginine (I0.5 = 0.16 mM), and its specific activity is augmented 2-3-fold by arginine starvation of the mycelium [23].
• Nitrate reductase (NADPH:nitrate oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.6.1-3) was purified to apparent homogeneity from mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum [24].
• Enzyme was extracted from dry mycelium using a buffer with a high glycerol concentration and thiol protective agent to stabilize enzyme activity [25].
• The accumulation of dGTP was a cause for the impaired ability of KO-390 to produce aerial mycelium, because the ability to form aerial mycelium was completely repaired by addition of decoyinine, an inhibitor of GMP synthetase [26].

Gene context of Mycelium

• A strain in which the ftsZ2p promoter was inactivated grew normally during vegetative growth and formed aerial mycelium, but was deficient in sporulation septation [27].
• In addition, at the normal growth temperature of 30 degrees C, dnaK transcript levels were shown to vary at different stages of development, being more abundant in young germinating cultures and in mycelium undergoing sporogenesis [28].
• Unlike the RAD52 transcript in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mus-11 transcript could not be detected in mycelium under normal growth conditions, but expression of the gene was induced by UV irradiation or treatment with MMS [29].
• Activities of TP (measured in the direction of trehalose degradation), MD, and G6PD were higher in the hyphal aggregates compared with the mycelium, whereas HK activity varied little [30].
• We used actin staining and videomicroscopy to analyze the development from a spore to a young mycelium in the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mycelium

• METHODS: Therefore this study compared the allergen contents of Psilocybe cubensis spore and mycelium extracts by different techniques with the use of pooled sera from subjects who had skin test and RAST results that were positive to P. cubensis spores [32].
• Transcriptional analysis by Northern blot reveals a 1.8-kb transcript in RNA extracted from mycelium grown in medium containing acetamide or acetate plus beta-alanine as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources [33].
• From deletion and sequence analysis, this rapid aerial mycelium (Ram) phenotype appears to be due to a cluster of three genes that we have designated ramA, ramB, and ramR [34].
• The gene, called clk1 (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum kinase 1), was weakly expressed in the mycelium of the wild-type strain grown on rich and minimal synthetic media but was undetectable during the infection even when a sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction methodology was used [35].
• Two fractions from the mycelium form (Ss-M1 and Ss-M2), having the highest Rf values on HPTLC analysis, were isolated and their structures elucidated by 1- and 2-D 13C- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with lithium adduction of molecular ions [36].

References