Disease relevance of Salmon

• The acute toxicities of boron, molybdenum, and various forms of selenium, individually and in environmentally relevant mixtures, to swim-up and advanced fry of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were determined in site-specific fresh and brackish waters [1].
• To test this hypothesis, juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to sublethal levels of esfenvalerate or chlorpyrifos either alone or concurrently with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) [2].
• Injection of glucose into chinook salmon resulted in an elevation of plasma SS-25 titers within 30 min and was coincident with hyperglycemia [3].
• Immunocompetence of juvenile Chinook salmon against Listonella anguillarum following dietary exposure to Aroclor 1254 [4].
• Juvenile chinook salmon in fresh water were vaccinated either orally or parenterally with heat- or formalin-killed bacterins prepared with Vibrio anguillarum [5].

High impact information on Salmon

• We reconstructed approximately 2,200-year records of sockeye salmon abundance from sediment cores obtained from salmon nursery lakes on Kodiak island, Alaska. Large shifts in abundance, which far exceed the decadal-scale variability recorded during the past 300 years, occurred over the past two millennia [6].
• We demonstrate here that Pitx-1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the Chinook salmon luteinizing hormone beta gene promoter through a number of novel mechanisms [7].
• Polyclonal antibodies against the N-terminal part (amino acids 12-363) and the C-terminal part (amino acids 330-730) of rainbow trout HIF-1alpha protein recognized rainbow trout and chinook salmon HIF-1alpha protein in Western blot analysis [8].
• Three novel LIM domain homeobox cDNAs encoding proteins structurally related to the Isl-1 protein were isolated from a chinook salmon pituitary cDNA library [9].
• Furthermore, cotransfection studies in HeLa cells showed that zFF1B was a strong competitor for the action of zFF1A on the chinook salmon gonadotropin IIbeta subunit gene promoter [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Salmon

• In British Columbia, Canada, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is prevalent in wild sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and has caused disease in seawater net-pen reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar [11].
• Injection of adult female chinook salmon with 11 mg of erythromycin/kg of body weight to prevent prespawning mortality from BKD resulted in deposition of drug in the eggs [12].
• Toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate to juvenile chinook salmon under conditions of high loading density and continuous-flow exposure [13].
• Enteric redmouth disease is described in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at a state hatchery in Sand Ridge, Illinois. Biochemical, isoenzyme, and serological data indicated that the epizootic was caused by a sorbitol-fermenting Serovar 2 strain of Yersinia ruckeri [14].

Biological context of Salmon

• Thrombocytes from a fresh water turtle, American bullfrog, Yellowfin tuna, and Chinook salmon did not contain serotonin [15].
• The influence of inosine on DNA synthesis by Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214) was investigated because previously cell number was shown to increase from six- to thirtyfold if inosine was added to the basal medium (L-15) supplemented with either dialyzed fetal bovine serum (dFBS), calf serum (CS), or dCS [16].
• In this study, the functional role of two cAMP-response elements (CRE) in the promoter of the chinook salmon GH gene and their interactions with the transcription factor Pit-1 in regulating GH gene expression were examined [17].
• Embryonic development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the sockeye salmon [18].
• The sockeye salmon TRH-A deduced from the nucleotide sequence tandemly contains 8 copies of TRH progenitor sequences [19].

Anatomical context of Salmon

• Here, the effects and mechanisms by which p,p'-DDE exposure might affect the immune system of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was studied [20].
• The mitogenic response of leukocytes of chinook salmon exposed to p,p'-DDE in vivo exhibited a biphasic dose-response relationship [20].
• Macrophages of Atlantic salmon, which are resistant to the parasite, had a significantly higher phagocytic index (PI) than those of chinook salmon, a susceptible species [21].
• We have identified high-affinity, low capacity glucocorticoid receptors in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) brain cytosol and report the binding characteristics for the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and the naturally occurring salmonid glucocorticoid, cortisol [22].
• DrZIP1 protein was found to localize at the plasma membrane and to function as a zinc uptake transporter when being expressed in either chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryonic 214 cells or Xenopus laevis oocytes [23].

Associations of Salmon with chemical compounds

• The role of testosterone (T) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in the control of chinook salmon gonadotropin II beta subunit (sGTHII beta) gene was examined [24].
• Functional analysis of estrogen-responsive elements in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) gonadotropin II beta subunit gene [25].
• Enhancement of proliferation in cultures of Chinook salmon embryo cells by interactions between inosine and bovine sera [16].
• Induction of chinook salmon growth hormone promoter activity by the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway involves two cAMP-response elements with the CGTCA motif and the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 [17].
• This report describes the distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity in the brain of juvenile chinook salmon [26].

Gene context of Salmon

• Purification of a 41-kDa insulin-like growth factor binding protein from serum of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha [27].
• When Atlantic salmon glands were fractionated by concanavalin A (ConA)-Sepharose chromatography, two distinct forms of the hormone were identified, both of which were recognized by sockeye salmon STC antiserum, and designated as STC1 and STC2 [28].
• Chinook salmon embryonic (CHSE-214) cells responded to heat shock with a rapid rise in Hsp90 mRNA through 4 h, followed by a gradual decline over the next 20 h [29].
• Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog on expression of genes encoding the growth hormone/prolactin/somatolactin family and a pituitary-specific transcription factor in the pituitaries of prespawning sockeye salmon [30].
• The accumulation of HIF-1alpha was studied by incubating rainbow trout and chinook salmon cells at different oxygen concentrations from 20 to 0.2% O(2) for 1 h [8].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Salmon

• Short-term exposure of Chinook salmon (Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha) to o,p-DDE or DMSO during early life-history stages causes long-term humoral immunosuppression [31].
• The pink salmon MHC class I extracellular domains show 84.2% amino acid identity with those of Atlantic salmon (Sasa p30). polymorphism of the MHC class I alpha 1 domain was determined using PCR with genomic DNA from 12 fish [32].
• Expression of multiple molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNAs and GnRH peptides were examined in the brains of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemical techniques [33].
• Gonadotropin (GTH) was purified from the pituitaries of the Pacific chinook salmon using a combination of stepwise ethanol precipitation and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography [34].
• Two types of cDNAs encoding thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) precursors (TRH-A and TRH-B) were amplified from hypothalamic mRNA of sockeye salmon by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [19].

References