Disease relevance of Euglena

• Bovine mitochondrial ribosomes are active with homologous mitochondrial elongation factor (EF)-G but display no activity with the mitochondrial or chloroplast translocases from the lower eukaryote Euglena gracilis, with Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis EF-G or with cytoplasmic EF-2 [1].
• Analyses of available GAPDH sequences from other eubacterial sources indicate that the glycosomal gap gene from trypanosomes (cytosolic in Euglena) and the gap gene from the spirochete Treponema pallidum are each other's closest relatives [2].
• Proteins with a BLUF (sensor of blue light using flavin adenine dinucleotide) domain represent a newly recognized class of photoreceptors that is widely distributed in the genomes of photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and Euglena [3].
• Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye-binding technique for determination of autolytic protein breakdown in Euglena gracilis and comparison to other methods of autolysis measurement [4].
• This procedure removed the vitamin B12 analogues which are measured by microbiological assay with Lactobacillus leichmannii and Euglena gracilis and which are measured in an isotope dilution method using intrinsic factor [5].

High impact information on Euglena

• Finally, we briefly discuss multipartite and post-transcriptionally edited group II introns, together with the intron microcosm of Euglena gracilis chloroplasts and the possible relationships between group II and spliceosome-catalyzed splicing processes [6].
• The single, chloroplast encoded gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) from Euglena gracilis is found to contain nine intervening sequences [7].
• RNA fingerprint analysis confirmed that tRNAMetm, tRNAlle1 and tRNALeu are correctly processed transcripts from the spinach chloroplast trnM2, trnl1, and Euglena trnL1 loci respectively [8].
• The RNA polymerase contained in the chloroplast extract transcribes the spinach chloroplast trnM2, trnV1, and trnl1 loci and the trnV1-trnN1-trnR1-trnL1 cluster in the EcoG fragment of the Euglena chloroplast genome [8].
• The primary sequence of phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAphe) from the chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis has been determined: pG-C-U-G-G-G-A-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-G-D-U-G-Gm-U(U)-A-G-A-G-C-G-G-A-G-G-A-C-U-G-A-A-A-A-PSI-C-C-U-U-G-U-m7G-Py-C-A-C-C-A-G-T-psi-C-A-A-A-U-C-U-G-G-U-U-C-C-U-A-G-C-A-C-C-A [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Euglena

• Iron-, manganese-, or magnesium-deficiency has been induced in Euglena gracilis [10].
• Ornithine decarboxylase activity in Euglena gracilis Z was studied during the normal cell cycle and in vitamin B-12 deficiency [11].
• The Rps. gelatinosa cytochromes c-551 thus differ from mammalian, yeast, Euglena gracilis and Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochromes c, which all have R chirality at the axial methionine and concomitantly a characteristically different electronic heme structure [12].
• The antitumor effect of reserve polysaccharide, paramylon, from Euglena gracilis on the transplantable sarcoma-180 was examined in mice [13].
• The compounds with saturated cycloamino substituents have shown enhanced activity against Euglena and some derivatives with piperazine substituent were active against Gram positive bacteria [14].

Biological context of Euglena

• Chemoaccumulation of Euglena gracilis toward oxygen was selectively inhibited, without concomitant effects on cell motility, by cyanide (10(-6) to 10(-4) molar) and carbon monoxide (5 x 10(-5) to 5 x 10(-4) molar) [15].
• The increased susceptibility of the Euglena ferricytochrome c to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride at neutral pH relative to the horse protein can be accounted for by the differences in their amino acid sequences [16].
• Sequence analysis of the 1080-base pair open reading frame shows 48% amino acid identity with the cyclic AMP-dependent kinase from Euglena gracilis [17].
• Asparagine-linked glycosylation reporters and presequence deletion constructs of the precursor to the Euglena light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II (pLHCPII) were used to identify presequence regions translocated into the ER lumen and stop transfer membrane anchor domains [18].
• Location of the single gene for elongation factor Tu on the Euglena gracilis chloroplast chromosome [19].

Anatomical context of Euglena

• Flagella, intact deflagellated cells and isolated cell surfaces of the unicell , Euglena were separately assayed for glycosyltransferase activity by incubating these fractions with uridine diphosphate-[3H]glucose and isolating radiolabeled products [20].
• To determine the transport route from cytoplasm to chloroplast, Euglena was pulse labeled with 35S-sulfate and the organelles were separated on sucrose gradients [21].
• Expression and subcellular location of the tetrapyrrole synthesis enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase in light-grown Euglena gracilis and three nonchlorophyllous cell lines [22].
• The nucleotide sequence of the mycoplasmal gene showed about 60% homology to the sequences of tuf genes of other prokaryotes, yeast mitochondria and Euglena gracilis chloroplasts, and about 75% similarity was found when comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of the various Tu proteins [23].
• Comparison of glycerophosphate acyltransferases from Euglena chloroplasts and microsomes [24].

Associations of Euglena with chemical compounds

• Results of experiments conducted in the flagellate Euglena suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the mitochondrial Ca2+-transport system, Ca2+, calmodulin, NAD+ kinase, and NADP+ phosphatase represent clock "gears" that, in ensemble, might constitute a self-sustained circadian oscillating loop in this and other organisms [25].
• By cloning Euglena gracilis nuclear DNA and isolating the rbcS gene (encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), we have shown that the short leader sequence does not flank the nuclear gene sequence [26].
• Characterization and localization of a flagellar-specific membrane glycoprotein in Euglena [27].
• The small subunit (SSU) of ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is a 15 kd protein in Euglena gracilis [28].
• Antibodies raised against the Sarkosyl-insoluble, major flagellar glycoprotein fraction, mastigonemes, were used to determine the source of flagellar surface glycoproteins and to define the general properties of flagellar surface assembly in Euglena [29].

Gene context of Euglena

• The psbF locus of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA has an unusual 1042 nt group II intron that appears to be formed from the insertion of one group II intron into structural domain V of a second group II intron [30].
• The Euglena psbA gene contains four introns of size 435, 443, 434, and 617 bp [31].
• The splicing of a 409 nucleotide intron from the Euglena gracilis chloroplast ribosomal protein S3 gene (rps3) was examined by cDNA cloning and sequencing, and northern hybridization [32].
• The Euglena gracilis chloroplast rpoB gene. Novel gene organization and transcription of the RNA polymerase subunit operon [33].
• The psaA operon pre-mRNA of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast is processed into photosystem I and II mRNAs that accumulate differentially depending on the conditions of cell growth [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Euglena

• Mitochondria were isolated by gradient centrifugation on linear sucrose gradients from broken cell suspensions of phototrophically grown Euglena gracilis [35].
• Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (co-synthetase) purified from Euglena gracilis is a monomer of Mr 38 500 by gel-filtration studies and 31 000 by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis [36].
• Ethanol-fixed Euglena gracilis cells have been analyzed by flow microfluorometry during the lag, logarithmic and stationary phases [37].
• Thin layer chromatography of the carotenoid pigments of stigmata isolated from light grown cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z resolved 29 compounds, of which 16 could be eluted and their absorption spectra recorded [38].
• Studies of free radical-mediated cryoinjury in the unicellular green alga Euglena gracilis using a non-destructive hydroxyl radical assay: a novel approach for developing protistan cryopreservation strategies [39].

References