Disease relevance of Carotid Artery, Internal

• A mammalian expression plasmid for the Escherichia coli lacZ gene (driven with a SV40 early promoter) was injected into the internal carotid artery of rats whose brain tumors (from prior inoculation) had been electroporated between two electrodes [1].
• BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A low or absent CO2 reactivity is considered indicative of a compromised hemodynamic compensatory capacity in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis or occlusion [2].
• RESULTS: Smoking, hypertension, and LDL cholesterol were consistently related to greater IMT in the common and internal carotid arteries of men and women, as has been previously reported [3].
• Transient cerebral ischemia was induced in rabbits by selective infusion of arachidonic acid (0.35 mg/kg in 15 sec) into the internal carotid artery [4].
• In twenty dogs, anticoagulated with heparin 300 units/kg, the right cortical sensory evoked response (CSER) to contralateral median nerve stimulation was suppressed during 60 min ischemia induced by periodic infusion of 50 to 100 microliter increments of air via the right internal carotid artery [5].

High impact information on Carotid Artery, Internal

• The transcytosis of protamine through the cerebral microvascular barrier was documented with an internal carotid artery perfusion technique [6].
• The present study describes a canine model of transient reversible blood-brain barrier disruption with hyperosmolar mannitol infusion into the internal carotid artery [7].
• FINDINGS: The overall baseline IMT, combining the measurements of the common and internal carotid artery and the carotid bifurcation on both sides, was 0.93 mm (SD 0.22) and 0.92 mm (0.21) in the atorvastatin and simvastatin groups, respectively [8].
• We previously reported lower downstream resistance in the internal carotid artery in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [9].
• Pulsatility index in internal carotid artery in relation to transdermal oestradiol and time since menopause [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Carotid Artery, Internal

• We evaluated the time dependency of the acetazolamide effect on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of the unilateral internal carotid artery [11].
• Variables significantly related to AAA were older age; male sex; history of angina, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction; lower ankle-arm blood pressure ratio; higher maximum carotid stenosis; greater intima-media thickness of the internal carotid artery; higher creatinine; lower HDL levels and higher LDL levels; and cigarette smoking [12].
• A herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) were injected into the internal carotid artery of Fisher 344 rats harboring intracerebral 9L gliosarcomas, using bradykinin to disrupt the blood-tumor barrier [13].
• PURPOSE: To assess the luminal morphology of the extracranial internal carotid artery at three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) angiography and how this factor affects measurement of maximum carotid arterial stenoses at conventional intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) [14].
• Contralateral approach to junctional C2-C3 and proximal C4 aneurysms of the internal carotid artery: microsurgical anatomic study [15].

Biological context of Carotid Artery, Internal

• In the total group, independent predictors of diastolic blood pressure included heart rate, aortic root dimension, creatinine, hematocrit, alcohol use, and black race (positive associations) and internal carotid artery wall thickness, mitral early/late peak flow velocity, white blood cell count, cigarette smoking, and age (negative associations) [16].
• The objective of this investigation was to correlate Xenon-133 inhalation rCBF measurements with the pattern of cortical arterial filling on intravenous DSA in 18 patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion [17].
• They analyzed change in score on the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) as a function of estrogen use, APOE genotype, and baseline common and internal carotid artery wall thickening [18].
• Selective testing for memory function with Amytal (amobarbital) in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a promising modification of that test in the internal carotid artery (ICA) [19].
• In comparison to placebo, the administration of melatonin reduced, within 90 min, the pulsatility index of the internal carotid artery, evaluated by color Doppler ultrasound (P < 0.01), as well as both systolic and diastolic blood pressure evaluated in supine position (P < 0.01) [20].

Anatomical context of Carotid Artery, Internal

• Three systems play a role in the vascularization of cranial nerves: the inferolateral trunk (ILT), most often arising from the internal carotid artery, the middle meningeal system (MMS), and the ascending pharyngeal system (APS); the latter two are both derived from the external carotid artery [21].
• Heterologous blood clots (0.2 mm) were injected into the distal internal carotid artery to occlude blood flow in the middle cerebral artery territory after long-term (14 days) simvastatin, atorvastatin or vehicle treatment [22].
• After surgery, microscopic examination of the right carotid artery revealed a medial dissection but no evidence of an underlying arteriopathy, while the left internal carotid artery displayed the typical features of FMD [23].
• Thyroidal secretion of reverse T3 was assessed by measurements in samples obtained from the internal carotid artery and jugular vein of sheep following the administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) or bovine thyrotropin (TSH) [24].
• Mechanisms that underlie the relaxant response to histamine were examined in dog external (a branch of external carotid artery) and internal (a branch of internal carotid artery) ophthalmic arteries (EOA and IOA) [25].

Associations of Carotid Artery, Internal with chemical compounds

• Supraorbital fluorescein test in diagnosis of internal-carotid-artery disease [26].
• Indomethacin was given by continuous infusion into the internal carotid artery [27].
• During one treatment, while cisplatin was infused into the internal carotid artery, the jugular blood was dialyzed extracorporeally at 300 ml/min and returned to the inferior vena cava [28].
• Quantitative cerebral perfusion MRI and CO2 reactivity measurements in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion [29].
• Therefore, our investigations examined both the BBB glucose-transporter activity in experimental diabetes in vivo, with the use of the in situ internal carotid artery perfusion technique, and the microvessel glucose-transporter concentration, with quantitative Western immunoblots [30].

Gene context of Carotid Artery, Internal

• RESULTS: A profound focal expression of ICAM-1 in the outer wall of the internal carotid artery could be demonstrated (86% of all specimens) [31].
• Only TFPI was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis: ankle-arm index and internal carotid artery stenosis, p trend < or = 0.01; and carotid wall thickness, p trend < or = 0.05 [32].
• Administration of 1 and 5 nmol NPY as a bolus into the internal carotid artery caused a dose-dependent decrease in the ipsilateral striatal LCBF [33].
• Internal carotid artery infusion of AngII at a low dose (0.1 pmol min-1) revealed a 23% reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), while the infusion of AngIV increased CBF in a dose-dependent fashion with the highest dose (100 pmol min-1) resulting in an elevation of 30% [34].
• Although most of these proteoglycans seem to be present in similar amounts at the two locations, there was a selective enhanced deposition of lumican in the intima of the atherosclerosis-prone internal carotid artery compared with the intima of the atherosclerosis-resistant internal thoracic artery [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Carotid Artery, Internal

• The authors describe the outcomes in 11 patients who had acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection and were treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) [36].
• CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that transcranial Doppler sonography together with the acetazolamide test can identify subjects with reduced vasomotor reactivity distal to an occluded internal carotid artery, who may improve hemodynamically by an extracranial-intracranial bypass [37].
• Moyamoya disease was originally defined as a characteristic syndrome of recurrent headaches, occlusion of the distal internal carotid arteries and the foggy (moyamoya) clusters of collateral vessels at the base of the brain as demonstrated by cerebral angiography [38].
• It is suggested that the constriction induced by thiopentone may be due in part to activation of the calcium-inward channel in the wall of the internal carotid artery [39].
• Unfortunately, these studies do not decrease the need for radiopaque arteriography, since in 11 of 53 patients, a potentially operable, symptomatic, nonobstructive common or internal carotid artery lesion would not have been suspected by supraorbital Doppler testing and auscultation alone [40].

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