Disease relevance of Toluylene Red

• Neutral-red uptake by amniotic-fluid macrophages in neural-tube defects: a rapid test [1].
• Neutral red staining of cells of a sulfolipid-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis pks2 mutant proves that sulfolipids are not responsible for this cytochemical reaction [2].
• The flash-induced proton release into the lumen of chromatophores from Rhodobacter capsulatus was studied with Neutral red as pH-indicator [3].
• Neutral red vitally stained a number of cells in the cerebral ganglion and the nerve tracts extending from the ganglion [4].
• Neutral red (NR) was utilized as an electron mediator in microbial fuel cells consuming glucose to study both its efficiency during electricity generation and its role in altering anaerobic growth and metabolism of Escherichia coli and Actinobacillus succinogenes [5].

High impact information on Toluylene Red

• Neutral red-stained anterior-like cells in the prespore zone of slugs move straight forward in the direction of slug migration and, furthermore, show coherent periodic cell movement [6].
• Neutral red staining further showed the strong protective effect of C1-INH in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum [7].
• 5-HT immunoreactive cells were identified with Neutral Red. The release of 5-HT from chicken thoracic aorta in the presence of excess KCl and veratridine was also examined using HPLC [8].
• Cell viability was measured as the lysosomal uptake of Neutral Red. Monocyte chemotactic peptide (MCP-1) mRNA and protein were analyzed by Northern blotting and ELISA [9].
• Neutral-red retention was used to measure the number of living cells in culture after long-term (72-hr) exposure to these compounds and to evaluate the effect on cell viability after short-term (6-hr) exposure [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Toluylene Red

• Bluegill sunfish BF-2 fibroblasts were used in the neutral red (NR) cytotoxicity assay to discern the toxicities of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and paraquat as indicated by their abilities to induce oxidative stress [11].
• Neutral-red reaction is related to virulence and cell wall methyl-branched lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis [12].
• 1. The A549 cell line was used to assess the toxicity of sulphur mustard (HD), using gentian violet (GV) and neutral red (NR) dyes as indicators of cell viability [13].
• A comparison was made of rat primary astrocytes, C6 glioma cells pre-treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and the human astrocyte 132N1 cell line using a range of 40 compounds and the neutral red (NR) assay [14].
• With all of the three end points, it was apparent that the order of toxicity for the different groups was TMABs greater than SDS greater than Tweens, with a difference of one order of magnitude between consecutive groups when using NR and KB [15].

Biological context of Toluylene Red

• Neutral red dye uptake, an index for cell viability, was enhanced with increasing cell density and in vitro maturation, but was reduced in dense cultures exposed to anoxic/hypoglycemic conditions [16].
• Results also showed that neither MTT or NR can distinguish between the modes of cell death, nor detect the early onset of apoptosis revealed by Hoechst/PI [17].
• Staurosporine (SSP)-induced apoptosis and H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis were evaluated by two cytotoxicity assays, neutral red (NR) and methyl-thiazolyl tertrazolium (MTT), in comparison with a differential dye uptake assay, using Hoechst33342/propidium iodide (Hoechst/PI) [17].
• Changes in c-myc gene expression were compared with DNA adduct formation, growth inhibition, and cell-cycle progression as determined by (32)P-postlabelling, neutral red (NR), and flow cytometric analyses, respectively [18].
• In addition, the physiological effect of dye administration on systemic blood pressure was determined, as well as uptake curves for Neutral Red into plasma and brain [19].

Anatomical context of Toluylene Red

• A previously described technique from the author's laboratories for purification of pancreatic islets by fluorescence-activated cell sorting used the dye neutral red (NR) to obtain specific fluorescence of islets sufficient to give a sorting signal [20].
• These cells were not stained with the vital dye Neutral Red. Two other types of cell (T2L and T2H) were recorded together as consecutive negative jumps in Vm, but only in areas of the epithelium previously stained with Neutral Red. T2L behaved like T1 cells to K+ but with a low Vm of -23.3 mV [21].
• In the anesthetized rat Crus I and II of the cerebellar cortex were stained with Neutral Red. Epi-fluorescent changes produced by a train of stimuli (5-10s and 4-20 Hz) to the ipsilateral face were monitored in time using a fast, high resolution charge-coupled device camera [22].
• Neutral red is useful, however, for visualizing the segmentation of ventral photoreceptors in vivo [23].
• Neutral red response as a measure of the pH gradient across chloroplast membranes in the light [24].

Associations of Toluylene Red with other chemical compounds

• By combining both NR and DTZ staining in vitro, selective fluorescence of islets was obtained that was sufficient to allow efficient sorting [20].
• Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the Neutral Red uptake assay and a concentration that reduced cell viability to 50% of control was selected as a maximum concentration for subsequent measurement of PGE2 release [25].
• We observe that the two redox dyes Safranine O and Neutral Red covalently bound to HRP, efficiently mediate electron transfer from the active site of the enzyme to the electrode surface [26].
• The present study reports the photodynamic effect of Methylene Blue (MB) and Nuclear Fast Red (NFR) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the destruction of the algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) under irradiation with visible light [27].
• Close regional correlation between NR staining and the iodoantipyrine intensity of adjacent brain slices suggests that NR distribution is a qualitative indicator of brain perfusion [28].

Gene context of Toluylene Red

• The GFAP, vimentin and S-100 levels showed similar EC50 values for the toxicants, but were not as sensitive as the NR assay [14].
• However, in the piriform cortex a putative neuronal upregulation of bFGF could be detected by combination of non-radioactive in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein and nuclear staining with Neutral red [29].
• For the seventeen materials used in this study there was a significant correlation between the in vivo irritant potential and in vitro data for all the tests except the EYTEX System (SM, r = -0.87; LBT, r = -0.91; NR, r = -0.85; TTMA, r = 0.78; TP, r = -0.86; ETS, r = 0.29) [30].
• The cellular localization of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT 1) and angiotensinogen mRNA expression in the subfornical organ (SFO) of the rat brain has been studied by means of non-radioactive in situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Neutral red staining [31].
• Neutral red uptake by chondrocytes was significantly decreased when incubated with RA serum IC in comparison with control serum IC (p = 0.012) and SF IC (p = 0.006) [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Toluylene Red

• Neutral red dye uptake and electron microscopy were used in the investigation of the respective roles of, and of the reciprocal interaction between, toxin and ammonia in cell vacuolation and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry was used for the identification of the intracellular sites of internalized toxin [33].
• The pH sensitive dye, Neutral Red, was used with optical imaging techniques to map intracellular pH shifts elicited by cortical surface stimulation of the rat cerebellum [34].
• We investigated the cytotoxic effect of APD by combining two spectrophotometric assays [neutral red (NR) uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release] with a morphological assay (electron microscopy) [35].
• The methods used to analyze COM and DBP effects were scanning electron microscopy immunocytochemistry, manual cell count, and cyto-compatibility assay (Neutral red and MTT tests) [36].
• Exposure of superhelical pBR322 DNA to the complexes or the dyes for 24 h followed by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that Neutral Red and Pt(Neutral Red)2 had little effect on DNA conformation, but that both Nile Blue and Pt(Nile Blue)2 could produce single-strand DNA breaks in a dose-dependent fashion [37].

References