Disease relevance of HPX

• When expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system, the protein exhibited hyaluronidase activity in a substrate-gel assay [1].
• METHODS: Time-mated pregnant guinea pigs (term = 65 days) were housed in either normoxic room air (NMX) or exposed to 12% O(2) (hypoxia; HPX) for 14 or 28 days of duration [2].
• The 3H-labeled glycosaminoglycans at these high levels were digested by Streptomyces hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC, and the rate of increase in 3H-labeled glycosaminoglycans was reduced by oocytectomy [3].
• A decapsulation test with a hyaluronidase-producing Staphylococcus aureus strain revealed the hyaluronic acid nature of the capsular material [4].
• The effect of hyaluronidase on the early course of acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in closed chest anesthetized pigs [5].

High impact information on HPX

• Because trypsin and hyaluronidase mimicked the action of acrosome-intact spermatozoa, it is likely that the acrosomal enzymes deform and lyse the oocytes [6].
• We have determined a partial amino acid sequence from a purified preparation of porcine liver hyaluronidase and have used this information as the basis for cloning complementary DNA that encodes the corresponding protein [1].
• Oligosaccharides, derived from hyaluronidase digestion of hyaluronic acid that were larger than decassaccharide, had some inhibitor effect on 35SO4(2-) incorporation by monolayer cultures [7].
• It is known, however, that GBS virulence factors include specific secretory enzymes such as hyaluronidase, an enzyme which breaks down HA [8].
• Allergen B gives a single line in immunodiffusion distinct from hyaluronidase, phospholipase A, melittin, and the other high molecular weight substances described and gives a single band at 49,000 d in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of HPX

• Hyaluronidase was undetectable in uterine flushings collected on day 15 from corn oil- and oestrogen-treated gilts, but present in similar amounts in uterine flushings from gilts treated with progesterone and progesterone plus oestrogen [10].
• Sample B, consisting of 26.1% uronic acid and 27.0% glucosamine on a dry weight basis, could be digested completely with Streptomyces hyaluronidase [11].
• Pasteurella multocida isolates were typed for serotypes A (by hyaluronidase inhibition of capsule) and D (by acriflavine autoagglutination) [12].
• The in vitro retro-ocular connective tissue cultures from guinea pigs with endocrine exophthalmos were studied before and after retro-ocular treatment with cortisol and hyaluronidase [13].

Biological context of HPX

• At near term ( approximately 60 days of gestation), pregnant mothers were anesthetized and fetal guinea pig hearts and carotid arteries were excised from NMX and HPX animals and frozen until ready for study [2].
• An octasaccharide derived from the carbohydrate sequence -GalNAc---GlcUA-GalNAc-IdUA-GalNAc-GlcUA-GalNAc-IdUA-GalNAc---GlcUA-GalNAc (--- indicates the position of cleavage by hyaluronidase) was identified [14].
• The resistance of the IPM HA to hyaluronidase digestion may reflect extensive coverage of HA binding sites by ligands present in this compartment which hinder enzyme access [15].
• RESULTS: When nucleus pulposus was applied just after harvest, or when it had been kept at 37 C or digested by hyaluronidase for 24 hours, there was a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity similar to previous observations [16].
• The native serum and placental hyaluronidases remained fully active after thermal inactivation but desialylated hyaluronidase was inactivated slowly in serum, and quickly in placenta suggesting a higher overall glycosylation of the plasma enzyme [17].

Anatomical context of HPX

• Collagenase and hyaluronidase had little or no inhibitory effect when applied to synaptosomes (27% and 9%) but inhibited binding to synaptic vesicles by 56% and 49%, respectively [18].
• Several types of experiments indicate a structural relationship of PH-20 and the soluble hyaluronidase released during the acrosome reaction [19].
• Therefore, the present findings indicate that hyaluronidase-inhibitory ChSAO is an efficient probe for promoting normal fertilization process in terms of an effective decrease in the incidence of polyspermy during IVF of porcine oocytes [20].
• The sperm plasma membrane protein PH-20 has a hyaluronidase activity that enables acrosome-intact sperm to pass through the cumulus cell layer of the egg [19].
• The results showed that T1 filaments located in basement membranes of the epithelium, endothelium, and smooth muscle cells, were removed by nitrous acid, heparitinase, and pronase but resistant to chondroitinase (Ch)-ABC and Ch-AC, heparinase, neuraminidase, and Streptomyces (S) hyaluronidase [21].

Associations of HPX with chemical compounds

• Proteoglycans were then digested exhaustively with testicular hyaluronidase, which removed about 80% of the chondroitin sulphate [22].
• 4. To study the distribution of L-IdUA-SO4-containing periods in relation to blocks of IdUA-GalNAc-SO4 periods different fractions of hyaluronidase-degraded dermatan sulphate were degraded separately [14].
• The hyaluronidase-resistant glycoconjugates exhibited a peak buoyant density at 1.49 g/ml on cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation and were shown to contain mucin-type carbohydrate to peptide linkages (i.e., GalNAc to ser/thr) and an amino acid composition typical of respiratory mucins [23].
• Dextrose, 5%, and sodium bicarbonate, 1 M, had no effect on the cutaneous lesions caused by KCl, while hyaluronidase, 150 U/ml, lessened them [24].
• Rat sperm 2B1 glycoprotein (PH20) contains a C-terminal sequence motif for attachment of a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor. Effects of endoproteolytic cleavage on hyaluronidase activity [25].

Regulatory relationships of HPX

• The results suggest that increases in cAMP contents and synthesis of an extracellular, hyaluronidase-sensitive mucus by pig OCC and C + P induced by FSH or forskolin are not dependent on the oocyte [26].

Other interactions of HPX

• HPX decreased NOS3 protein levels in fetal guinea pig hearts by 29% after 28 days compared to NMX controls [2].
• Serum or red cells were typed for 15 blood group systems: A-O, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N and O; for 11 biochemical polymorphisms: PI1, PI2, PO1A, A1BG, GPI, PGD, TF, HPX, ADA, PGM and AMY; the polymorphism at the IGHG1 locus [27].
• Simultaneous phenotyping of pig plasma alpha-protease inhibitors (PI1, PO1A, PO1B, PI2) and four other proteins (PO2, TF, CP, HPX) by a simple method of 2D horizontal electrophoresis [28].
• Pericellular glyconconjugtes that bind RCA-I and concanvalin A (CONA) after periodic acid oxidation, and which were sensitive to trypsin but not to chondroitinase or hyaluronidase, were present in the hypertrophic cell zone [29].
• Toxic activity was destroyed by Pronase, phospholipase, lipase, amylase, and glucosidase but not by trypsin, collagenase, cellulase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, or neuraminidase [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HPX

• Molecular cloning of a mammalian hyaluronidase reveals identity with hemopexin, a serum heme-binding protein [1].
• Anomalous migration of hyaluronic acid oligomers in capillary electrophoresis: correlation to susceptibility to hyaluronidase [31].
• Capsular serotypes A and D were determined by the hyaluronidase sensitivity and acriflavin agglutination tests, respectively [32].
• Cumulus cells were removed by blunt dissection and pipetting in Beltsville embryo culture medium (BECM) supplemented with 0.1% hyaluronidase [33].
• The activities of the degrading enzymes -- hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-hexosaminidase and aryl sulphatase -- significantly increased both in the normal and atherogenic diet groups when receiving the low rather than the high dose of ascorbic acid [34].

References