Disease relevance of silver

• The Silver syndrome variant of hereditary spastic paraplegia maps to chromosome 11q12-q14, with evidence for genetic heterogeneity within this subtype [1].
• Recently, two missense mutations (N88S, S90L) in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy gene have been identified in autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Silver syndrome [2].
• Glioma MGMT was inversely correlated with age (P < 0.01), consistent with the observed age dependence in the progenitor tissue of brain tumors (J. R. Silber et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 6941-6946, 1996) [3].
• The main features of research into HIV and AIDS between 1981 and 1990 were examined using a database of medical, nursing and dental journals [compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) version of the Medline database (Silver Platter Information Services, London, UK)] [4].
• We have observed that human glioma cells deficient in Ap endo activity are hypersensitive to clinically used alkylators (Silber et al., Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:3008.). Here we examine the association of glioma Ap endo activity with clinical response after alkylating agent-based chemotherapy or after radiotherapy [5].

Psychiatry related information on silver

• The size and distribution of the silver nanoparticles can be varied by changing the reaction time [6].
• Three of the five children had mental retardation associated with Silver Russell syndrome, 5p syndrome, or minimal change myopathy [7].
• It was shown that a considerable number of the residents in the Silver Peer Housing facilities studied had mental health problems associated with limitations in the layout of their apartment and/or the location of the housing [8].
• Re: Silber MH, Krahn LE, Olson EJ. Diagnosing narcolepsy: validity and reliability of new diagnostic criteria. Sleep Med. 2002 Mar;3(2):109-13 [9].
• CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of perceptual motor skills and the innate ability of an individual with no prior experience in laparoscopic surgery to develop such skills using the LS 500 VR surgical simulator is feasible and reliable [10].

High impact information on silver

• Heterozygous missense mutations in BSCL2 are associated with distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Silver syndrome [11].
• A deletion in the first coding exon of the agouti gene was found associated with the proposed recessive allele of agouti in the darkly pigmented Standard Silver fox (aa) [12].
• A constitutively activating C125R mutation in the MC1R was found specifically in darkly pigmented animals carrying the Alaska Silver allele (EA) [12].
• It has a 135,000 mol wt and contains disulfide bonded labeled polypeptide chains of 75,000 and 31,000 mol wt, which presumably represent the beta and a fragment of the alpha-chain of C3b*. Silver staining of the SDS-PAGE gels revealed other C3-derived bands with 39-42,000 mol wt [13].
• One way that the activity of such transcription factors is controlled is by the regulation of their movement between the cytosol and nucleus (Vandromme, M., C. Gauthier-Rouviere, N. Lamb, and A. Fernandez, 1996. Trends Biochem.Sci. 21:59-64; Lei, E.P. and P.A. Silver, 2002. Dev. Cell 2:261-272) [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of silver

• Carcinoid tumors of the rectum. Silver reactions, fluorescence, and serotonin content of the cytoplasmic granules [15].
• Two open reading frames on a 3.7-kb BglII-XbaI fragment which encodes the Staphylococcus aureus cadA cadmium (and zinc) resistance determinant of plasmid pI258 were identified (G. Nucifora, L. Chu, T. K. Misra, and S. Silver, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3544-3548, 1989) [16].
• Sections were stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin for microscopic features and with Warthin Starry Silver stain for Helicobacter hepaticus [17].
• In order to reveal the mechanisms of the extreme radioresistance and DNA repair in Deinococcus radiodurans, we examined proteome changes in a wild-type strain following gamma-irradiation using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Silver-staining [18].
• The chitosan/heparin multilayer films were possessed of bactericidal effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli), and this antibacterial effect could be significantly enhanced by the incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the multilayer films [19].

Biological context of silver

• A genome-wide scan in an Austrian family with dHMN-V (ref. 4) showed linkage to the locus SPG17, which was confirmed in 16 additional families with a phenotype characteristic of dHMN or Silver syndrome [11].
• An easy and rapid purification of T4 41 protein produced by a plasmid encoding this gene (Hinton, D. M., Silver, L. L., and Nossal, N. G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12851-12857) is also described [20].
• The growth and development of children with the Silver-Russell syndrome have been studied (Silver, 1964; Tanner et al., 1975) [21].
• Analysis of these data, in conjunction with the results of our earlier study (Magnuson, T., Epstein, C. J., Silver, L. M., and Martin, G. R. (1982), Nature (London) 298, 750-753), suggests that homozygosity for the genes found in the tw5 haplotype does not reduce cell viability [22].
• The N-terminal amino acid sequences determined for eight different cleavage products of GPIIb alpha and GPIIb beta agree with the corresponding amino acid sequences predicted by cDNA sequence for human-erythroleukaemic-cell GPIIb [Poncz, Eisman, Heindenreich, Silver, Vilaire, Surrey, Schwartz & Bennett (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8476-8482] [23].

Anatomical context of silver

• Previous studies from this laboratory have shown actin to be a major protein of human lymphocytes (Stark, R., Liebes, L. F., Nevrla, D., and Silber, R. Biochem. Med., 27: 200-206, 1982) [24].
• A distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V phenotype characterized by predominant hand muscle involvement was found in 31.1%, whereas 14.5% showed typical Silver syndrome with amyotrophy of the small hand muscles and spasticity of the lower extremities [2].
• In this study, a region of specialized neuroepithelium, originally named the "knot" in mouse by Silver (1984), has been identified at the D/T border of chick embryos [25].
• Mutation of one of these, YRB1, results in defects in transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope (Schlenstedt, G., Wong, D. H., Koepp, D. M., and Silver, P. A. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 5367-5378) [26].
• We have previously demonstrated that cytochrome P-450c and P-450d mRNAs can be induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes grown in serum-free hormonally defined medium (HDM) plus minimal salts (Silver, G., and Krauter, K. S. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263; 11802-11807) [27].

Associations of silver with other chemical compounds

• An enzyme extracted from aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaves was previously found to catalyze the Mg(2+)-dependent elimination of pyrophosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to form isoprene (Silver, G. M., and Fall, R. (1991) Plant Physiol. 97, 1588-1591) [28].
• A novel method to synthesize polystyrene nanospheres immobilized with silver nanoparticles by using compressed CO2 [29].
• A visual light scattering detection method of Sudan dyes is reported in food products based on the formation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) . Sudan dyes including I, II, III and IV have reducibility due to the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond and phenol group in their molecular structure, and a redox reaction could occur with AgNO3 [30].
• The enzyme was solubilized from membranes with octylglucoside, fractionated with (NH4)2SO4, and purified in the presence of Triton X-100 by chromatography on Sephacryl S300, hydroxyapatite, heparin-Sepharose and Affi-Gel Blue. Silver-stained SDS/PAGE indicated that the enzyme was an 83 kDa polypeptide [31].
• The N-linked glycosylation points found here in platelet GPIIb are the same as the five N-glycosylated asparagine residues suggested after cDNA sequencing of human erythroleukaemic-cell GPIIb [Poncz, Eisman, Heindenreich, Silver, Vilaire, Surrey, Schwartz & Bennett (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8476-8482] [32].

Gene context of silver

• Congruent results demonstrating a positive role for the carboxyl-terminal domain of CDC34 in the essential function of CDC34 have also been obtained by Silver et al [33].
• The product of the Silver gene has since been discovered numerous times in different contexts, including the initial search for the tyrosinase gene, the characterization of major melanosome constituents in various species, and the identification of tumor-associated antigens from melanoma patients [34].
• These cells express several pigment cell-specific genes that are thought or have been shown to be activated by MITF, including dautochrome tautomerase, pMel 17/Silver and tyrosinase-related protein-1, but lack expression of the MITF target gene tyrosinase, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis [35].
• The localization of human protein C gene on chromosome 2 was investigated by in situ hybridization using a partial cDNA for protein C. Silver-grain analysis indicates that the protein C gene is located on 2q13-q14 [36].
• T-box genes encode putative transcription factors implicated in diverse developmental processes (Papaioannou, V.E. and Silver, L.M., 1998. BioEssays 20, 9-19) [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of silver

• A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles [38].
• The negative dielectric constant of the silver nanoparticles may be decreasing the silica-silver nanodot composite refractive index below that of the water medium [39].
• Silver nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution (3.9+/-1 nm) have been prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy [40].
• RESULTS: Silver grains, indicative of positive in situ hybridization products, were observed in all three cell types of normal corneas for both DNA probes [41].
• We describe a modified silver staining method that is available as a commercial kit (Silver Stain PlusOne; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Amersham, UK) [42].

References