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Chemical Compound Review

AC1L18V4     6-[[4-[2-[2-[3-acetamido-5- [3-acetamido-4...

Synonyms:
 
 
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Disease relevance of C6

 

Psychiatry related information on C6

 

High impact information on C6

  • C6 cells contain a replication-defective mutant T antigen that when tested in the DNA-binding immunoassay, showed no affinity for the ori fragment [11].
  • Experiments with two subclones of C6 glioma cells in culture showed that cannabinoids signal apoptosis by a pathway involving cannabinoid receptors, sustained ceramide accumulation and Raf1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation [12].
  • Whereas C9 insertion is absolutely dependent on a receptor moiety assembled from the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, and C8 on the target-cell membrane, no requirement for a receptor molecule has been reported for perforin [13].
  • We now demonstrate that cultured post-mitotic neurones from chick paravertebral sympathetic ganglia respond differentially to NGF, HCM and medium conditioned by C6 glioma cells (GCM) [14].
  • Polymerising ability of C6 glial cell microtubule protein decays much faster than its colchicine-binding activity [15].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of C6

 

Biological context of C6

  • Determinants of binding-site specificity among yeast C6 zinc cluster proteins [21].
  • Antisense blocking of IGF-I expression may reverse a phenotype that allows C6 glioma cells to evade the immune system [4].
  • Injection of the various LPS preparations produced a rapid disappearance of circulating neutrophils and mononuclear cells, which occurred with the same kinetics and to the same extent in normal, CoF-treated, and C6-deficient rabbits [22].
  • Although overexpression of the human proto-oncogene bcl2 in C6 glioma cells normally increased their resistance to injury, the relative resistance of bcl2+ cells to calcium overload, oxidative stress and metabolic inhibition was compromised when they formed gap junctions with more vulnerable cells [23].
  • Thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation and release is enhanced by the presence of C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 of human complement [24].
 

Anatomical context of C6

 

Associations of C6 with other chemical compounds

  • The evolutionary lineage of these genes compared to the known functional locus lambda C1-lambda C6 can be surmised from Southern blot and nucleotide homologies [29].
  • To investigate the components of complement responsible for this effect, we examined a model of renal I/R injury in C3-, C4-, C5-, and C6-deficient mice [30].
  • We conclude that (a) heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking P- and L-selectin-initiated cell adhesion; (b) the sulfate groups at C6 on the glucosamine residues play a critical role in selectin inhibition; and (c) some non-anticoagulant forms of heparin retain anti-inflammatory activity [31].
  • We show here that one of these factors is Sip4, a glucose-regulated C6 zinc cluster activator which was identified by its interaction with the Snf1 protein kinase [32].
  • These studies indicate that the intrinsic catalytic capacity (not the beta-adrenergic receptor or the coupling mechanism) of the C6 adenylate cyclase complex is reduced during mitosis and contributes to the mitotic cell's inability to accumulate and maintain the cyclic AMP concentration at the interphase level [17].
 

Gene context of C6

  • The UME6 gene encodes a 91-kD protein that contains a C6 zinc cluster motif similar to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4 [33].
  • The C6 zinc finger and adjacent amino acids determine DNA-binding specificity and affinity in the yeast activator proteins LAC9 and PPR1 [34].
  • The N terminus of the predicted 96-kDa SIP4 protein is homologous to the DNA-binding domain of the GAL4 family of transcriptional activators, with a C6 zinc cluster adjacent to a coiled-coil motif The C terminus contains a leucine zipper motif and an acidic region [35].
  • We provide evidence that heparanase overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293, MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma, and rat C6 glioma cells resulted in a 3- to 6-fold increase in VEGF protein and mRNA levels, which correlated with elevation of p38 phosphorylation [36].
  • The functional significance of PDGF autocrine signaling in these cells was demonstrated by the fact that the CT52923 inhibited soft agar colony formation, and, when given p.o. to nude mice, it effectively reduced tumor formation by 44% (P < 0.0019) after s.c. injection of C6 glioblastoma cells [37].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of C6

  • The C6 phenotype changed from A before transplantation to B (the donor phenotype) within 10 days of the transplant and remained wholly of the donor phenotype at 17 wk [38].
  • The xenografts from both cell lines exhibited high-affinity [125I]rHu-bFGF binding that was concentrated on vascular-like structures. rHu-bFGF at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg given intraperitoneally daily for 18 days caused a twofold increase in DLD-2 tumor weight but had little effect on the growth of C6 xenografts [39].
  • All 1C5 RPC-treated rats survived to 106 days after C6 cell implantation (99 days after treatment; an arbitrary end point), whereas control rats had to be killed 14 days after C6 cell implantation because of extensive tumor growth [40].
  • To discriminate between these two mechanisms, we have used intravital epifluorescence microscopy and multi-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy to visualize C6 microglioma vascularization and tumor cell behavior [41].
  • Lp did not increase significantly with ZAS prepared from heat-treated sera, C6- and C8-deficient sera; or with ZAS in which SC5b-9 had been depleted by immunoprecipitation [42].

References

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  4. Treatment and prevention of rat glioblastoma by immunogenic C6 cells expressing antisense insulin-like growth factor I RNA. Trojan, J., Johnson, T.R., Rudin, S.D., Ilan, J., Tykocinski, M.L., Ilan, J. Science (1993) [Pubmed]
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  12. Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Galve-Roperh, I., Sánchez, C., Cortés, M.L., del Pulgar, T.G., Izquierdo, M., Guzmán, M. Nat. Med. (2000) [Pubmed]
  13. Phosphorylcholine acts as a Ca2+-dependent receptor molecule for lymphocyte perforin. Tschopp, J., Schäfer, S., Masson, D., Peitsch, M.C., Heusser, C. Nature (1989) [Pubmed]
  14. Subpopulations of cultured chick sympathetic neurones differ in their requirements for survival factors. Edgar, D., Barde, Y.A., Thoenen, H. Nature (1981) [Pubmed]
  15. Polymerising ability of C6 glial cell microtubule protein decays much faster than its colchicine-binding activity. Wiche, G., Honig, L.S., Cole, R.D. Nature (1977) [Pubmed]
  16. The structures of four macrolide antibiotics bound to the large ribosomal subunit. Hansen, J.L., Ippolito, J.A., Ban, N., Nissen, P., Moore, P.B., Steitz, T.A. Mol. Cell (2002) [Pubmed]
  17. Cell cycle changes in the adenylate cyclase of C6 glioma cells. Howard, R.F., Sheppard, J.R. J. Cell Biol. (1981) [Pubmed]
  18. Control of rat C6 glioma cell proliferation: uncoupling of the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone hormone in suspension and monolayer cultures. Armelin, M.C., Stocco, R.C., Armelin, H.A. J. Cell Biol. (1983) [Pubmed]
  19. Glypican and biglycan in the nuclei of neurons and glioma cells: presence of functional nuclear localization signals and dynamic changes in glypican during the cell cycle. Liang, Y., Häring, M., Roughley, P.J., Margolis, R.K., Margolis, R.U. J. Cell Biol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  20. Cyclic AMP regulates potassium channel expression in C6 glioma by destabilizing Kv1.1 mRNA. Allen, M.L., Koh, D.S., Tempel, B.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1998) [Pubmed]
  21. Determinants of binding-site specificity among yeast C6 zinc cluster proteins. Reece, R.J., Ptashne, M. Science (1993) [Pubmed]
  22. Mediation systems in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation. I. The role of complement. Ulevitch, R.J., Cochrane, C.G., Henson, P.M., Morrison, D.C., Doe, W.F. J. Exp. Med. (1975) [Pubmed]
  23. Gap-junction-mediated propagation and amplification of cell injury. Lin, J.H., Weigel, H., Cotrina, M.L., Liu, S., Bueno, E., Hansen, A.J., Hansen, T.W., Goldman, S., Nedergaard, M. Nat. Neurosci. (1998) [Pubmed]
  24. Human complement in thrombin-mediated platelet function: uptake of the C5b-9 complex. Polley, M.J., Nachman, R.L. J. Exp. Med. (1979) [Pubmed]
  25. "Transdifferentiation" of C6 glial cells in culture. Parker, K.K., Norenberg, M.D., Vernadakis, A. Science (1980) [Pubmed]
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  28. Cytolytic lymphocytic cells with complement receptor in human blood. Induction of cytolysis by IgG antibody but not by target cell-bound C3. Perlmann, P., Perlmann, H., Müller-Eberhard, H.J. J. Exp. Med. (1975) [Pubmed]
  29. Identification of three new Ig lambda-like genes in man. Chang, H., Dmitrovsky, E., Hieter, P.A., Mitchell, K., Leder, P., Turoczi, L., Kirsch, I.R., Hollis, G.F. J. Exp. Med. (1986) [Pubmed]
  30. Predominant role for C5b-9 in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Zhou, W., Farrar, C.A., Abe, K., Pratt, J.R., Marsh, J.E., Wang, Y., Stahl, G.L., Sacks, S.H. J. Clin. Invest. (2000) [Pubmed]
  31. Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins. Wang, L., Brown, J.R., Varki, A., Esko, J.D. J. Clin. Invest. (2002) [Pubmed]
  32. Sip4, a Snf1 kinase-dependent transcriptional activator, binds to the carbon source-responsive element of gluconeogenic genes. Vincent, O., Carlson, M. EMBO J. (1998) [Pubmed]
  33. UME6 is a key regulator of nitrogen repression and meiotic development. Strich, R., Surosky, R.T., Steber, C., Dubois, E., Messenguy, F., Esposito, R.E. Genes Dev. (1994) [Pubmed]
  34. The C6 zinc finger and adjacent amino acids determine DNA-binding specificity and affinity in the yeast activator proteins LAC9 and PPR1. Witte, M.M., Dickson, R.C. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1990) [Pubmed]
  35. Yeast SNF1 protein kinase interacts with SIP4, a C6 zinc cluster transcriptional activator: a new role for SNF1 in the glucose response. Lesage, P., Yang, X., Carlson, M. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  36. Heparanase induces vascular endothelial growth factor expression: correlation with p38 phosphorylation levels and Src activation. Zetser, A., Bashenko, Y., Edovitsky, E., Levy-Adam, F., Vlodavsky, I., Ilan, N. Cancer Res. (2006) [Pubmed]
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