Disease relevance of Disodium cromoglycate

• Manifestations of cellular and humoral hypersensitivity to cromolyn sodium were sought in six asthmatic patients suspected of having acute (three cases) or subacute (three cases) adverse reactions to cromolyn inhalation [1].
• Disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn DSCG), the disodium salt of 1,3-bis(-2-carboxychromon-5-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropane, inhibits the degranulation and release of anaphylactic mediators, and has found wide application in the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma [2].
• Esophagitis related to cromolyn [3].
• Fourteen children, aged 2 to 15 years, with milk allergy and concomitant allergies to one or more foods were given cromolyn or placebo [4].
• Cromolyn has therapeutic value in immunologic and nonimmunologically induced bronchospasm, being particularly suited for conditions amenable to long-term prophylactic therapy [5].

Psychiatry related information on Disodium cromoglycate

• Twenty-six patients experienced sedation and/or lethargy whilst on ketotifen and 11 patients had similar side effects whilst on cromoglycate [6].
• The main problem with Sodium Cromoglycate is that the recommended dosage is a four times daily application and patient non-compliance is common [7].

High impact information on Disodium cromoglycate

• Thus although patients tolerating cromolyn therapy may demonstrate lymphocyte transformation in vitro, only those with clinically apparent adverse reactions produce lymphocyte MIF or possess serum-binding activity for the drug [1].
• Lymphocytes from four of nine cromolyn-tolerant asthmatics demonstrated increased 3H-thymidine incorporation but none showed MIF production, whereas lymphocytes from normal subjects failed to react to cromolyn in either assay [1].
• Cromoglycate, which inhibits IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells and a basophilic rat tumour cell line (RBL-2H3) (ref.3), is a drug widely used in the treatment of allergic asthma [8].
• Basophil variants with impaired cromoglycate binding do not respond to an immunological degranulation stimulus [8].
• These findings together with the chelation by cromoglycate of alkaline-earth ions in low polarity medium, suggest that the binding site of the drug may either be part, or closely related to the calcium gate [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Disodium cromoglycate

• Prevention of mast cell degranulation with cromolyn, ablation of visceral afferents with capsaicin, and antagonism of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurokinin-1 receptors with CGRP(8-37) and RP67580, respectively, abolished the SLIGRL-NH(2)-induced stimulatory effect on transit in ischemia/reperfusion [9].
• The five classes of agents (beta-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergic agents, theophylline, cromolyn, and corticosteroids) available for treatment are examined in this review, emphasizing efficacy and toxicity [10].
• We compared the inhibitory effects of inhaled salbutamol (S), ipratropium (I), and cromoglycate (C) on bronchospasm induced by exercise (EX) or hyperosmolar (HY) saline aerosol in a group of 11 subjects with stable asthma [11].
• Lodoxamide tromethamine, a new cromolyn-like drug, was studied to determine its effectiveness and duration of action in preventing antigen-induced bronchospasm in 15 subjects with clinically stable extrinsic asthma [12].
• Although the effects of pyrilamine, cromolyn, or aprepitant on ET-induced vascular leakage suggest a possible role for mast cells (MC) and sensory neurons in ET-induced edema, ET did not elicit degranulation of human skin MC or substance P release from NT2N cells in vitro [13].

Biological context of Disodium cromoglycate

• Cromolyn may therefore act by altering the phosphorylation of a protein involved in the regulation of secretion [14].
• Immediate and delayed reactions of itching, tightness, or wheezing developed in 14 subjects after allergen challenges following placebo intake and were prevented or substantially inhibited by cromolyn [15].
• However, the degree of decrease in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second after allergen challenge was significantly reduced by cromolyn in 15 of 17 subjects [15].
• Nasal exhalation of cromolyn: a double effect [16].
• The drug cromolyn, recently found to inhibit immunologically induced mediator secretion from RBL cells upon intracellular application, also blocks Cl- channels (IC50 = 15 microM) when applied to the cytoplasmic side of an inside-out membrane patch [17].

Anatomical context of Disodium cromoglycate

• Lymphocytes from all patients produced migration inhibition factor (MIF), and those from four patients incorporated increased amounts of 3H-thymidine in response to cromolyn in vitro [1].
• To further investigate this, we have selected variants of the RBL-2H3 cell line that are defective in cromoglycate binding but bind IgE normally [8].
• Conductances of both types of planar membranes, irrespective of the mode of activation used, were inhibited by cromolyn [18].
• In contrast, preincubation of neutrophils with 100 microM cromolyn before addition of PMA decreased the capacity of the membranes to generate O2- by 57.3% [19].
• Cromolyn treatment over days 9 to 12 reduced joint swelling but increased leukocyte emigration into the mesentery [20].

Associations of Disodium cromoglycate with other chemical compounds

• Antiallergic drug cromolyn may inhibit histamine secretion by regulating phosphorylation of a mast cell protein [14].
• Prescribing habits for asthma therapy have been changing in New Zealand, with a considerable increase in the use of oral theophylline drugs, particularly sustained-release preparations, which in many patients have replaced inhaled steroids and cromoglycate [21].
• Treatment with the mast cell stabilizer cromolyn on days 1 to 4 after immunization blocked ruthenium red uptake at day 4 and reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion by approximately 50% [20].
• Studies of the patient's serum for binding of carbon 14-labeled cromolyn, the skin for deposits of the drug, and the circulating lymphocytes for stimulation by cromolyn failed to demonstrate any abnormalities [22].
• The LAR after beclomethasone (7.3% +/- 6.1%) was significantly less than after cromolyn (20.4% +/- 15.2%) or placebo (26.4% +/- 8.2%); cromolyn was not different from placebo [23].

Gene context of Disodium cromoglycate

• Some C57BL and ApoE k/o mice were pretreated with either the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) or the peptide CRH receptor (CRH-R) antagonist Astressin [24].
• Three distinct anti-allergic drugs, amlexanox, cromolyn and tranilast, bind to S100A12 and S100A13 of the S100 protein family [25].
• The effect of CRH on Evans blue extravasation and mast cell degranulation was inhibited by the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn), but not by the antisecretory molecule somatostatin [26].
• Stress-induced IL-6 release was absent in W/W(v) mast cell-deficient mice and it was partially inhibited by cromolyn in C57BL and ApoE mice [24].
• Cromolyn appeared to induce clustering of moesin around secretory granules [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Disodium cromoglycate

• Cromolyn capsules or placebo was administered by an inhaler (Spinhaler) randomly on alternate days 30 minutes before aerosol challenge [15].
• CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled steroids and, to a lesser extent, cromolyn confer significant protection against exacerbations of asthma leading to hospitalization [28].
• Cromolyn for chemotherapy conjunctivitis [29].
• PA microspheres were also bound covalently to the anti-allergic drug disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) and the conjugate was used for the labelling of rat basophilic leukaemia cells [30].
• Physicians who treat patients with allergic rhinitis have a number of therapeutic options, including antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and immunotherapy [31].

References