Disease relevance of Monochloroethanoic acid

• Acute monocytic leukemia with chloroacetate esterase positivity: FAB M4 or M5 [1]?
• Chloroacetate esterase positivity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [2].
• Alcaligenes sp. strain CC1 is able to grow on several alpha-chlorinated aliphatic acids (2-chlorobutyrate, 2-chloropropionate, and chloroacetate), as well as on the beta-chlorinated four-carbon aliphatic acids trans-3-chlorocrotonate, cis-3-chlorocrotonate, and 3-chlorobutyrate as sole carbon and energy sources [3].
• Tissues from 10 patients with localized leishmania lymphadenitis were stained by immunoperoxidase technique for leishmanian antigens, immunoglobulins (Ig), complement, components, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and fibrin and by routine and chloroacetate esterase techniques [4].
• The myelogenous nature of the leukemia is readily apparent in well-differentiated leukemias on the basis of morphology; with poorly differentiated leukemias, positive staining with chloroacetate esterase, nonspecific esterase, and certain monoclonal antibodies such as Mac-1, is helpful to establish myelogenous differentiation [5].

High impact information on Monochloroethanoic acid

• In common with the bone marrow eosinophils in these patients, the HL-60 eosinophil granules contained chloroacetate esterase and periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) reactive material; crystalloid inclusions were rare [6].
• We have also shown that PU.1-null (deficient) neutrophils have neutrophil morphology and express neutrophil-specific markers such as Gr-1 and chloroacetate esterase both in vivo and in vitro [7].
• To identify the cell lineage precisely, chloroacetate esterase staining and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique using mouse monoclonal antibodies CD15, CD68, HLA-DR, and rabbit polyclonal CD3 and UEA-1 (lectin) was developed on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded bone marrow biopsies (BMB) [8].
• Among late CFU-GM, cells destined to form monocyte (alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase-positive) colonies express higher levels of HLA-DR than do CFU-GM destined to form granulocyte (chloroacetate esterase-positive) colonies [9].
• Thymic tissue from aborted fetuses, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths was examined histochemically using methods for the detection of chloroacetate esterase, peroxidase, and pseudoperoxidase, and by staining techniques for mast cells and eosinophils [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Monochloroethanoic acid

• By using the combination of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and chloroacetate esterase for cytochemical detection of monocytes and granulocytes, respectively, we examined and identified five adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia whose leukemic cells often (20 to 30%) had the characteristics of both monocytes and granulocytes [11].
• Both agents, however, did not prevent the hypothermia induced by monochloroacetic acid or chloroacetyl chloride, proposed active metabolites of 1,1-DCE [12].
• However, the bone marrow exhibited the typical picture of mastocytosis, with disseminated clusters of differentiated spindle-shaped cells that stained strongly for tryptase, c-kit, and chloroacetate esterase [13].
• Chloroacetic acid (CAA) and chlorobenzene (CB) have been evaluated for in vivo mutagenic potential in Rattus norvegicus, employing the following criteria : (i) chromosomal aberrations (CAs) such as breaks, gaps, exchanges, rings, and multiple aberrations and (ii) micronuclei (MN) induction [14].
• The differential diagnosis between malignant lymphoma and granulocytic sarcoma rests upon a positive naphtol AS-D chloroacetate esterase stain in granulocytic sarcoma [15].

Biological context of Monochloroethanoic acid

• Evidence for a close similarity in the catalytic sites of papain and ficin in near-neutral media despite differences in acidic and alkaline media. Kinetics of the reactions of papain and ficin with chloroacetate [16].
• 1. The pH-dependences of the second-order rate constants (k) for the alkylation by chloroacetate of the active-centre thiol groups of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) were determined over a wide range of pH at 25 degrees C at I 0 [16].
• MEG-A2 cells showed positive phenotypes for periodic acid Schiff and alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase reactions, but were negative for myeloperoxidase and naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase reactions [17].
• Cleavage of the chloroacetate followed by exhaustive hydrogenation completes the total synthesis of the targeted glycolipid 1 [18].
• After 3 days, MHE226 cells displayed cytological, enzymatic (alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and chloroacetate esterase), and functional (phagocytosis) characteristics of monocytic cells [19].

Anatomical context of Monochloroethanoic acid

• Two of these isozymes were shown to have chloroacetate esterase activity characteristic of granulocytes [20].
• IL-8 expression was observed in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in 3 of 33 cases of classical HD and in reactive cells in 20 of 33 HD cases as evidenced by combined isotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistology for the demonstration of cell-type-characteristic antigens or enzyme histochemistry for chloroacetate esterase [21].
• Mast cell progenitors (c-kit(+) CD13(+) cells with chloroacetate esterase activity) were purified from 4-week-old cultures of cord blood mononuclear cells maintained in stem cell factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 using a CD14 depletion column [22].
• The vast majority of typical and lacunar type H and SR cells contained the granulocyte-related antigens detected by monoclonal antibodies TU5, TU6, TU9 and 3C4, whereas other more or less specific granulopoietic cell markers (such as peroxidase, chloroacetate esterade, lysozyme, cationic leukocyte antigen and OKMI) were consistently absent [23].
• Treatment of crude bovine RPE membranes with (3R)-3-[boc-lys(biotinyl)-O]-all-trans-retinol chloroacetate 1 in the low micromolar range led to the specific labeling of RPE65 and lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) [24].

Associations of Monochloroethanoic acid with other chemical compounds

• Unlike basophil-like cells, mastlike cells were chloroacetate esterase, amidase, and human mast cell tryptase positive [25].
• Tissue mast cells in the cellular infiltrate can be demonstrated best by special staining techniques with Giemsa, toluidine blue, and chloroacetate esterase [26].
• Strong positivity for myeloperoxidase, Sudan black B and chloroacetate esterase represents the typical cytochemical pattern of M3; usually a weaker reactivity may be observed in M3v [27].
• They were positive for myeloperoxidase but negative for alpha-naphthyl butylate esterase and chloroacetate esterase stainings [28].
• Eosinophils showed atypical cytochemical reactions with PAS in ten of ten cases studied, with naphthol ASD Chloroacetate in ten of ten cases, and with combined naphthol ASD Chloroacetate esterase- chlorazol fast pink in seven of nine cases tested [29].

Gene context of Monochloroethanoic acid

• All 11 tumors were positive for chloroacetate esterase, nine of nine were strongly and diffusely positive for lysozyme, eight of eight for myeloperoxidase, seven of seven for CD68, and six of six for CD43 [30].
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia, hypogranular variant, with uncharacteristic staining with chloroacetate esterase [31].
• Monochloroacetic acid inhibits liver gluconeogenesis by inactivating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [32].
• At diagnosis, neutrophil myeloperoxidase, chloroacetate esterase, and lactoferrin were significantly decreased, compared with normal neutrophils from 25 controls, with 13 of the 17 patients showing a partial or complete deficiency of at least one granule constituent [33].
• Multimarker immunohistochemical staining of calgranulins, chloroacetate esterase, and S100 for simultaneous demonstration of inflammatory cells on paraffin sections [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Monochloroethanoic acid

• The immature cells were identified as erythroblasts and pronormoblasts by histochemical staining (periodic acid-Schiff reagent and chloroacetate esterase), immunohistochemical reaction (directed against hemoglobin), and electron microscopy [35].
• Kinetics of monochloroacetic acid in adult male rats after intravenous injection of a subtoxic and a toxic dose [36].
• Compound II was recovered (ca. 90%) in the supernatant after centrifugation and prepared for injection by the addition of 0.15 M monochloroacetic acid containing 0.2 mM EDTA [37].
• Kinetics of monochloroacetic acid at subtoxic and toxic doses in rats after single oral and dermal administrations [38].
• The so-called neutrophil-specific identification methods (myeloperoxidase (MPO), chloroacetate esterase, mAb HIS-48) proved to be non-specific, since they also stained for macrophages, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and the combination of these stainings with the macrophage-specific ED-1 staining [39].

References