Disease relevance of Maxilla

• Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis (CFD) is an autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by premature craniosynostosis, shallow orbits and hypoplastic maxilla [1].
• Oral administration of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis caused alveolar bone loss in the maxilla of WT mice, but failed to do so in iNOS KO mice [2].
• When a supernumerary tooth is in the maxilla, near the midline, it is called a mesiodente [3].
• Findings present in at least 50% of reported patients include mental retardation, short stature, pubertal delay, an abnormal nose (usually beaked) with hypoplastic nasal alae, microstomia with narrow maxilla, thin upper lip vermilion, broad hips, small hands, joint limitation, short fingers and toes, and vertebral abnormalities [4].
• Associated head and neck neoplasms included four parathyroid tumors, one osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla, two basal cell cancers of the facial skin, and one parotid gland carcinoma [5].

High impact information on Maxilla

• Control mice exhibited expression of msx2 in developing brain, the developing limb buds and apical ectodermal ridge, the lateral and nasal processes, olfactory pit, palatal shelf of the maxilla, the eye, the lens of the eye, otic vesicle, prevertebral bodies (notochord), and endocardial cushion [6].
• Heterozygous CBP-deficient mice, which had truncated CBP protein (residues 1-1084) containing the CREB-binding domain (residues 462-661), showed clinical features of RTS, such as growth retardation (100%), retarded osseous maturation (100%), hypoplastic maxilla with narrow palate (100%), cardiac anomalies (15%) and skeletal abnormalities (7%) [7].
• Finally, biomechanical testing revealed no statistically significant difference in the maximal compressive strength of new bone formed by BMP-2 cell constructs and the normal maxilla [8].
• Distal-less in the mandible and maxilla is expressed in the forming sensory organs and, thus, does not seem to be involved in PD axis patterning [9].
• The dachshund gene is apparently involved both in PD patterning as well as in sensory organ development in the antenna, maxilla, and mandible [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Maxilla

• In the fifth patient, titanium mesh was used to reconstruct the maxilla after resection of a squamous cell carcinoma of the nasolacrimal duct [10].
• RESULTS: After six weekly intralesional steroid injections, a giant cell granuloma of the maxilla became calcified and smaller [11].
• The bisphosphonate drug alendronate was used to suppress bone remodelling and tumour osteolysis as a palliative treatment for two dogs with osteosarcoma, one of the tibia and one of the maxilla [12].
• PURPOSE: This study assessed the effect of using an occlusal stabilization splint in the maxilla for 6 weeks on certain parameters of chewing movements in subjects with and without temporomandibular disorder symptoms [13].
• Reported is the case of a well-circumscribed radiopaque ameloblastoma of the maxilla [14].

Biological context of Maxilla

• Bone mineral content of the maxilla estimated by dual-photon absorptiometry after augmentation with bone or hydroxyapatite [15].
• DLX5 gene expression was primarily detected in the mandible at 6 weeks and then, after in the maxilla [16].
• In this investigation, we measured the tooth stimulation and capsaicin-evoked blood flow responses in maxillary gingiva in humans to study whether axon-reflex-mediated vasodilatation crosses the midline of the maxilla [17].
• STUDY DESIGN: A phantom was placed in the supine position on a dental chair with the occlusal plane perpendicular to the floor, and four intraoral periapical radiographic examinations in the anterior and posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible were performed [18].
• High levels of circulating glucocorticoids in fetal animals are associated with inhibited development of the lateral processes of the maxilla, or upper jaw, as these bones grow toward midline union early in gestation [19].

Anatomical context of Maxilla

• In developing embryos, Fgf-8 was expressed in the neural fold, midbrain-hindbrain junction, tail and limb buds, pharyngeal clefts, and primordia of maxilla and mandible [20].
• Our data showed that MSX-2 was strongly expressed in the progenitor cells of human orofacial skeletal structures, including mandible and maxilla bones, Meckel's cartilage, and tooth germs, as shown for DLX-5 [21].
• BMP-2 was positive in osteoblasts and newly formed osteoid of the incisive and palatal bone of the maxilla and the mandible, which indicated that BMP-2 was exclusively involved in intramembranous ossification in the human fetal head [22].
• The response of nerve fibres in the peri-implant epithelium to titanium implantation was investigated with an experimental model using rat maxilla and immunohistochemical techniques [23].
• This first use of rhBMP-2/ACS in human clinical maxillary sinus floor augmentation included 12 patients with inadequate bone height in the posterior maxilla [24].

Associations of Maxilla with chemical compounds

• Nine weeks later the animals were anaesthetized again and titanium implants were placed into the edentulous ridge of the maxilla and mandible [25].
• Analysis of these data suggests that capsaicin-induced inflammatory reactions in gingivomucosal tissues do not cross the midline in the anterior maxilla [17].
• The remodeling of bone during molar drifting and cortical growth in the rat maxilla and the effects of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP) on these processes were investigated in 30 age-matched rats [26].
• The maxilla was fixed in paraformaldehyde and embedded undecalcified in methylmethacrylate [27].
• Three separate bony ROIs were defined: C2 and C6 vertebral bodies and the palatine process of the maxilla [28].

Gene context of Maxilla

• By the horizontal shelf stage, TSP-2 protein was principally localized to the ossification centres of the developing maxilla, both in extracellular matrix and bone; far less was seen in palatal shelves proper [29].
• A case is reported of a normocalcaemic young adult female in whom multifocal recurrent giant cell osteolytic lesions in the maxilla and elsewhere were associated with a raised plasma level of parathyroid hormone-related peptide [30].
• Additionally, ppGaNTase-T5 accumulates in a subset of mesenchymal cells at the ventral-most portions of the E12.5 maxilla and mandible underlying the dental lamina [31].
• This is the first reported case of CD34 expressing AFS in the maxilla [32].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: Osteoblastic cells derived from human maxilla were cultured with human PDGF [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Maxilla

• All patients received a balanced anesthetic technique including isoflurane, with controlled hypotension during the downfracture of the maxilla [34].
• Implant-supported fixed prostheses in the edentulous maxilla. A 2-year clinical and radiological follow-up of treatment with non-submerged ITI implants [35].
• Immediate functional loading of edentulous maxilla: a 5-year retrospective study of 388 titanium implants [36].
• A recording of mothers' attitudes to dental care, knowledge about tooth brushing, attitudes to candy, and number of teeth in the maxilla showed no difference between the fluoride tablet group and the non-users' group [37].
• Regeneration of nerve fibres in the peri-implant epithelium incident to implantation in the rat maxilla as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) [23].

References