Disease relevance of Developed Countries

• BACKGROUND: Mortality from coronary heart disease is relatively low in Japan compared with other developed countries and has remained low despite an increasing standard of living and an apparent increase in mean plasma cholesterol concentration in adults over the past three decades [1].
• Systemic amyloidosis, with amyloid deposits in the viscera, blood vessel walls, and connective tissue, is usually fatal and is the cause of about one per thousand deaths in developed countries [2].
• Increased expression of TIMP-3 is also observed in other degenerative retinal diseases, including the more severe forms of age-related macular degeneration, the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in developed countries [3].
• BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries [4].
• Two-thirds of all deaths in developed countries are caused by the major noncommunicable diseases, e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Developed Countries

• It is possible that some Indian populations may benefit by increased physical activity and decline in serum cholesterol below the range of desired serum cholesterol in developed countries [6].
• Alzheimer disease (AD), the major form of senile dementia, is rapidly becoming a major health problem in developed countries since as populations live longer the number of elderly people continues to grow [7].
• BACKGROUND AND AIMS: According to a WHO estimate, 50% of the total burden of diseases in men and 25% in women for the EURO-A group (which includes the highly developed countries of the WHO European Region) are attributable to unhealthy life-styles [8].
• Urinary stone incidence and composition have changed markedly over the past half-century in industrialized countries, in parallel with profound changes in living standards and dietary habits, with a dramatic increase in the incidence of calcium oxalate stones [9].

High impact information on Developed Countries

• Although retinol in the blood might well be truly protective, this would be of little immediate value without discovery of the important external determinants of blood retinol which (in developed countries) do not include dietary retinol or beta-carotene [10].
• In developed countries, the Golden Age of Medicine is at hand--for the patients [11].
• Allergic diseases mediated by T helper type (Th) 2 cell immune responses are rising dramatically in most developed countries [12].
• HBV is the primary cause of HCC in high-risk areas including China and Africa, whereas in developed countries such as the United States, HCV plays a more prominent role and is at least partially responsible for the increase in HCC incidence in this country [13].
• Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases for which health-care intervention is sought worldwide, and in many developed countries it is the most common [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Developed Countries

• Emerging evidence suggests that subtoxicity without clinical signs of toxicity may be a growing concern, because intake from preformed sources of vitamin A often exceeds the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for adults, especially in developed countries [15].
• Polysaccharide-protein conjugates as vaccines have proven to be very effective in preventing Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in industrialized countries [16].
• Ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) are currently considered acceptable empirical therapy for shigellosis in developed countries [17].
• Animal experiments and epidemiological studies lead to a recommendation that the intake of n-6 should be decreased to as low as 2-4 en% and that of n-3 be increased to levels higher than linoleate n-6 for the prevention of chronic diseases prevailing in the industrialized countries [18].
• Cysticercosis, the infection of the larval tissue stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is endemic to most developing countries and increasingly is seen in industrialized countries because of immigration [19].

Biological context of Developed Countries

• Lung cancer, a disease related mostly to tobacco smoke exposure and a leading cause of cancer-related death in industrialized countries, is frequently associated with mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene [20].
• In most of the developed countries of Europe and North America, where the prevalence of HBsAg carrier state is very low and tobacco smoking very common, more cases of HCC may be due to tobacco smoking than to HBV, even though the RR for HCC is much higher among HBsAg carriers than among tobacco smokers [21].
• Trifluoroacetate (TFA) is a ubiquitous xenochemical presently increasing in concentration in some environmental compartments, especially in the plant biomass of industrialized countries [22].
• From these calculations we conclude that the presence of sufficient amounts of iron absorption enhancers (ascorbic acid, meat, fish, poultry, as present in most industrialized countries) overcomes inhibition of iron absorption from even large amounts of tea [23].
• The increased population of women in menopause living in the industrialized countries is associated with an increase of diseases which are dependent or facilitated by a state of estrogen deficiency such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [24].

Anatomical context of Developed Countries

• Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the group of hereditary conditions involving death of retinal photoreceptors, represents the most prevalent cause of visual handicap among working populations in developed countries [25].
• In developed countries, slow elimination from the body means a large proportion of the population still have detectable levels of DDT, or its metabolite DDE, in their serum or adipose tissue [26].
• Cadmium levels were lower compared to those reported from developed countries, including Japan. The mean hair and toenail lead levels were 3.53 ppm and 2.11 ppm, respectively [27].
• Idiopathic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the commonest valvular disorder in industrialized nations [28].
• In developing countries, rapid stool assays performed poorly, whereas in developed countries, tests for fecal leukocytes, lactoferrin, and occult blood were moderately useful and could identify patients who were more likely to benefit from empirical antibiotic therapy [29].

Associations of Developed Countries with chemical compounds

• BACKGROUND: About 50% of populations in developed countries have bile supersaturated with cholesterol, which is a major risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation [30].
• Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy in developed countries [31].
• In the past 10 years, IgE-mediated allergy to natural rubber latex has become a significant health problem in industrialized countries, especially among health care workers, patients with congenital malformations, and children with a history of multiple surgical interventions [32].
• Prostate cancer is a very common disease in industrialized countries and it is known to be androgen-dependent [33].
• The prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance in Australia is one of the highest yet reported from a developed nation with a predominantly Europid background [34].

Gene context of Developed Countries

• Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among men in most developed countries, yet little is known about its causes [35].
• Studies of HLA-G and HLA-E polymorphisms in different populations from many industrialized countries have uniformly reported little sequence variation within these genes [36].
• Hence, CB2 offers a molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, the most prevalent degenerative disease in developed countries [37].
• RP is the most prevalent cause of registered visual handicap in those of working age in developed countries, the 50 or so mutations so far identified within the RDS-peripherin gene accounting for up to 10% of dominant cases of the disease [38].
• Recently, there has been many investigations on the relationship between leptin and obesity, which is the main health problem in developed countries [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Developed Countries

• CONCLUSION: As in developed countries, viral load and CD4 cell count are the main predictors of mortality among African children [40].
• The results of the 2NN and different cohort studies performed in developed countries do not provide sufficient evidence by which to select between nevirapine and efavirenz as the first-line NNRTI for antiretroviral therapy in Africa. The current first-line NNRTI-containing antiretroviral therapy regimens used in Africa are certainly not ideal [41].
• Critical Care Medicine is a well-established specialty in developed countries [42].
• Advances in neonatal intensive care, total parenteral nutrition and improvements in technology have led to a greatly improved outcome of neonatal surgery in developed countries [43].
• CONCLUSIONS: Optimal management of HIV-1 infection in women, regardless of their pregnancy status, can be recommended in more developed countries, without adverse effects on pregnancy outcome, and dramatically decreasing vertical transmission [44].

References