Disease relevance of Fourth Ventricle

• The most frequent type of tumor (74%) was an anaplastic neuroepithelial tumor associated with the ependyma of the third and fourth ventricles, which locally invaded adjacent brain tissue and spread for considerable distances along the ventricular surface [1].
• Nitroprusside-induced tachycardia was not altered by Saralasin microinjection into the NTS or by Ang II application to the NTS, fourth ventricle, or intravenously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[2]
• Lumbar puncture yielded colorless CSF with increased ferritin content and was followed by fourth ventricle hemorrhage [3].
• Initial dose-response studies showed that agmatine administered in low doses (0.01-10 micrograms/kg) into the fourth ventricle did not change mean arterial pressure but did produce a dose-dependent bradycardia (maximum -16 +/- 3 beats/min) [4].
• Hypothermia was induced by NT in the area praeoptica medialis contiguous with the area anterior hypothalami, nucleus ventralis tegmenti (Tsai), floor of the fourth ventricle, and tractus spinalis nervi trigemini [5].

Psychiatry related information on Fourth Ventricle

• Locomotor activity after nicotine infusions into the fourth ventricle of rats [6].
• When the cerebral aqueduct was blocked with cold cream, CRF injected into the lateral ventricle, but not the fourth ventricle, decreased exploratory behavior in the MCC [7].

High impact information on Fourth Ventricle

• (2) An NOS inhibitor (N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine [L-NMMA]) was administered into the fourth ventricle intracerebroventricularly (ICV), and its effects on swallowing and primary and secondary peristalsis were examined [8].
• Within the neonatal brain, Hydin expression is confined to the ciliated ependymal cell layer lining the lateral, third and fourth ventricles [9].
• In SCA3, enlargement of the fourth ventricle was the main sequel of atrophy [10].
• In the brain stem, 125I-PYY sites are densest in a variety of nuclei on the floor of the fourth ventricle, including the pontine central grey, the supragenual nucleus, and the area postrema [11].
• Labeled cells were not seen in the ventricular zone of proliferating neuroblasts lining the fourth ventricle or in the external granular layer emerging at the lateral aspect of the pial surface [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Fourth Ventricle

• Albendazole and praziquantel treatment in neurocysticercosis of the fourth ventricle [13].
• Perfusion of L-glutamate into the fourth ventricles of rats increased nitric oxide (NO) signals in the efflux solution concentration-dependently, significantly reducing both the occurrence and severity of neurogenic pulmonary edema [14].
• The level of descent of the hindbrain hernia was critical; eight of 12 symptomatic patients had a cervicomedullary kink at C4 or lower, while no asymptomatic patients had a fourth ventricle, medulla, or kink below C3-C4 [15].
• Respiratory depression produced by injection of GABA into the fourth ventricle of the rabbit [16].
• In neonatal piglets (n = 10), CGS21680 was injected into the fourth ventricle resulting in apnea and/or decreased burst area and frequency of phrenic discharge [17].

Biological context of Fourth Ventricle

• The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of neurons within the medulla activated by infusion of Ang II into the fourth ventricle of conscious rabbits, using the expression of Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos as a marker of neuronal activation [18].
• Tissue distribution of the inhibitors was either generalized (RB101, 40-160 mg/kg i.p.), largely restricted by the blood-brain barrier to the periphery (kelatorphan, 0.7-20 mg/kg i.v.), or restricted to the brainstem (i.c.v. injection of RB101 in the fourth ventricle) [19].
• To examine whether MK-801 enhances intake by increasing gastric emptying, we administered MK-801 (2.0 microg/3.0 microl) into the fourth ventricle [intracerebroventricular (ICV)] and measured feeding and gastric emptying of 5-ml NaCl or 15% sucrose loads [20].
• Clonidine decreased heart rate and splanchnic nerve activity similarly like moxonidine when the substances were given into the fourth ventricle [21].
• Microinjections of substance P and Sar9, Met(O2)11-SP (a selective NK1-receptor agonist) into the floor of the fourth ventricle led to a dose-dependent increase of blood pressure and a sharp enhancement of the baroreflex [22].

Anatomical context of Fourth Ventricle

• Administration of urapidil (129 micrograms) into the cerebroventricles of cats revealed no effect after lateral ventricle injection, a decrease of 9.7 +/- 3.0 mm Hg after fourth ventricle injection, and an increase of 10.8 +/- 2.2 mm Hg after restriction of the drug in the forebrain ventricles [23].
• The activity of ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase in newborn rabbit choroid plexus composes about one-fourth (lateral and third ventricle) to one-half (fourth ventricle) of the activity in the adult animal, and it increases markedly within the first 3 weeks of early life [24].
• Transthyretin mRNA in embryonic rat brain was found to be confined to the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus primordia appearing first in the fourth ventricle, followed by appearance in the lateral ventricles, and subsequently in the third ventricle [25].
• Previous studies determined that iv nicotine stimulates ACTH secretion by acting on sites accessible from the fourth ventricle (IV), rather than directly on CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamus [26].
• Our approach was to administer the antimetabolic glucose analog, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) into either the hepatic portal vein or the fourth ventricle in gonadectomized females in which LH pulse frequency was high [27].

Associations of Fourth Ventricle with chemical compounds

• Maximal effects were similar for lateral and fourth ventricle injections in both SHR and normotensive rats, but SHR were much more sensitive to bradykinin [28].
• Overall, these findings suggest that an important glucose-sensing mechanism is located circumventricularly in the fourth ventricle [27].
• The present study compared the effects of chronic neuroinflammation, produced by infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the fourth ventricle, upon memory in young, adult, and old rats [29].
• The sural to gastrocnemius withdrawal reflex is inhibited after injection of the OP(3) (micro)-receptor-selective opioid fentanyl into the fourth ventricle of decerebrated rabbits [30].
• Autoradiography revealed only three sites of specific melatonin binding in brain: the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the median eminence, and the small part of choroid plexus at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle [31].

Gene context of Fourth Ventricle

• Injection of NPY or PYY into the fourth ventricle produced a significant dose-related increase in food intake and reduction in the latency to eat [32].
• Recently, it has been reported that neurons that express messenger RNA for two neurotrophins, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3, are located medial to the locus coeruleus and ventral to the fourth ventricle [33].
• We found that galanin (1 nmol) stimulates feeding when injected in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a site that is crucial for MA-induced feeding, or into the fourth ventricle (4V, 1 or 5 nmol) and that NTS or 4V injections of the galanin receptor antagonist, M40 (1.5 or 5 nmol), completely blocked feeding induced by MA (68 mg/kg) [34].
• In the normal control, lacZ-positive neurons were found in the compact formation of the NA, whereas, in the reeler, they were scattered from the base of the fourth ventricle to the ventro-lateral margin of the medulla [35].
• Cells positive for both beta-gal and PSA-NCAM were localized in the ventral ependyma of the third and fourth ventricle, and of the central canal of the spinal cord, in what appears to be the adult floor plate [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Fourth Ventricle

• Studies on GABA release in vivo using a simple method for perfusion of the fourth ventricle of the rat [37].
• Naltrexone and mecamylamine, when administered into the fourth ventricle, produced a dose-related analgesia [38].
• Precise placement of a 15- to 20-mm long radiopaque prosthesis between the third and fourth ventricles can reestablish the normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway [39].
• 5-HT nerve terminals in the fourth ventricle of the rat brain: their identification and distribution studied by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy [40].
• Intraperitoneal injection of atropine abolished MK-801-induced increase in sucrose intake, whereas administration into the fourth ventricle had no effect [41].

References