Disease relevance of Telencephalon

• Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation induces a loss of muscarinic receptors from cultured neuroblastoma and embryonic chicken cerebrum cells [1].
• Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) is a familial neurological disorder pathologically characterized by amyloid deposition in the cerebrum and cerebellum [2].
• Hypothyroidism increases D2 mRNA in the telencephalon [3].
• RESULTS: The mean +/- SEM of the transfer coefficient of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in cerebrum was (in microL/g per minute): 1.54 +/- 0.37 in the nonischemic group, 2.04 +/- 0.26 in the ischemia group treated with vehicle, and 1.29 +/- 0.25 in the ischemia group treated with oxygen radical scavengers [4].
• Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is characterized by muscular dystrophy and cortical dysgenesis of the cerebrum and cerebellum [5].

Psychiatry related information on Telencephalon

• These findings suggest a specific anatomical association, perhaps even an overlap, of the cholinergic and somatostatinergic systems in the mammalian cerebrum, and indicate that the combined deficiencies of somatostatin and cholinergic markers in Alzheimer's dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type may be of pathophysiological importance [6].
• The distribution of astrocytic gliosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging cerebrum, as marked by immunoperoxidase staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), was examined in whole-hemisphere coronal sections [7].
• Food deprivation for 24 h was accompanied by a significant increase of anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, levels only in the telencephalon [8].
• Electroconvulsive shock stimulates polyphosphoinositide degradation and inositol trisphosphate accumulation in rat cerebrum: lithium pretreatment does not potentiate these changes [9].
• In a patient with Turner mosaicism who had mental retardation, epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia, MRI showed cerebellar atrophy and a bizarre cortical dysgenesis of the cerebrum, which was considered to comprise a mixture of relatively normal gyri and structures resembling pachygyria and lissencephaly [10].

High impact information on Telencephalon

• In this issue of Cell, work by López-Bendito et al.(2006) reveals that tangentially migrating cells within the ventral telencephalon are essential for axonal navigation between the thalamus and the neocortex, a process apparently mediated by Neuregulin-1/ErbB4 short- and long-range signaling [11].
• Axons projecting from the olfactory bulb to the telencephalon are guided by a repulsive activity in the septum [12].
• The majority of Casp9 knockout mice die perinatally with a markedly enlarged and malformed cerebrum caused by reduced apoptosis during brain development [13].
• Here we report that the secreted protein Slit repels neuronal precursors migrating from the anterior subventricular zone in the telencephalon to the olfactory bulb [14].
• Patterning of the anterolateral neural plate (telencephalon) may be regulated by FGF8 produced in the anterior neural ridge [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Telencephalon

• Intravenous nitroarginine reduced blood flow to normal cerebrum by approximately 40% (p < 0.05) during normotension and hypotension, with aortic pressure maintained constant after nitroarginine administration [16].
• Two weeks after induction of hydrocephalus the taurine concentration was decreased, whereas the concentration of [1,2-13C]lactate was increased in the cerebrum and that of [1,2-13C]GABA in the brainstem [17].
• Accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine (psychosine) in cerebrum and cerebellum in infantile and juvenile Gaucher disease [18].
• CONCLUSION: In liver injury caused by liver ischemia, the excitatory neurotransmission by norepinephrine and dopamine is depressed and the inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine is facilitated, especially in the telencephalon [19].
• As shown by immunoblotting, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase catalytic subunit was detected in excised samples of control cerebrum and as a trace in the intracerebral portions of C6 glioma but not at all in the extracranial portions of C6 glioma or in C6 glioma cell culture [20].

Biological context of Telencephalon

• Here we show that high-level expression of at least one functional allele of either of the homeobox genes Emx2 or Pax6 in the dorsal telencephalon is necessary and sufficient to stably activate morphogenesis of cerebral cortex and to repress that of adjacent structures, such as striatum [21].
• Evidence that pioneer olfactory axons regulate telencephalon cell cycle kinetics to induce the formation of the olfactory bulb [22].
• A 5-fold stimulation of GFAP gene expression precedes the development of florid histologic lesions in the cerebrum, and in the cerebellum 5- to 6-fold increases occurred with no detectable spongiform changes at any time during disease [23].
• In ventricular cells of the mouse telencephalon, differential expression of cadherin cell adhesion molecules defines neighbouring regions; R-cadherin delineates the future cerebral cortex, while cadherin-6 delineates the lateral ganglionic eminence [24].
• We suggest that alternate cell fate choices in the developing telencephalon are controlled by coordinated functions of bHLH and homeobox transcription factors through their differential affects on Notch signaling [25].

Anatomical context of Telencephalon

• Otx2 is expressed in every dorsal and most ventral regions of telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon [26].
• For example, a combination of biochemical, electrophysiological and lesion studies in rats have shown that histamine is synthesized in and released from a discrete set of neurones ascending through the lateral hypothalamic area and widely projecting in the telencephalon [27].
• Assays of dopamine in hypothalamus, striatum, and telencephalon did not indicate significant differences between experimental and control animals [28].
• Astrotactin messenger RNA is expressed in postmitotic neuronal precursors in the cerebellum, hippocampus, cerebrum, and olfactory bulb, where migration establishes laminar structures [29].
• Using this approach, we demonstrate that Mash1 has the capacity to respecify the identity of neuronal populations normally derived from Ngn2-expressing progenitors in the dorsal telencephalon and ventral spinal cord [30].

Associations of Telencephalon with chemical compounds

• Transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing human (Hu) or mouse (Mo) Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP695) die early and develop a CNS disorder that includes neophobia and impaired spatial alternation, with diminished glucose utilization and astrogliosis mainly in the cerebrum [31].
• Telencephalin (TLN) is a 130 kd glycoprotein expressed exclusively in neurons of the telencephalon, the most rostral brain segment [32].
• The presence and distribution of calsequestrin (CS), Ca2+ pump, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor were investigated biochemically and immunologically in microsomal (P3) fractions isolated from chicken cerebrum and cerebellum [33].
• On the basis of two criteria, our studies demonstrate that the 51,000-Mr protein marker for postsynaptic densities is virtually absent in cerebellum, First, it is present in negligible amounts in deoxycholate-insoluble fractions from cerebellum but abundant in parallel fractions from cerebrum [34].
• In this study we have characterized vesicular GABA and glycine uptakes in the cerebrum and spinal cord, respectively [35].

Gene context of Telencephalon

• The Emx2 expression domain is comprised of dorsal telencephalon and small diencephalic regions, both dorsally and ventrally [26].
• Finally, Emx1 expression is exclusively confined to the dorsal telencephalon [26].
• Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor is a motogen for interneurons migrating from the ventral to dorsal telencephalon [36].
• RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3 mRNA were detected in the cerebrum and in the cerebellum [37].
• RNA blotting studies show that SSTR1 and SSTR2 are expressed at highest levels in jejunum and stomach and in cerebrum and kidney, respectively [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Telencephalon

• When frozen sections through rat brain were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy the antibodies to MAP-1 strongly stained a variety of nerve cells including dendrites and myelinated axons in the cerebrum and cerebellum [39].
• In situ hybridization reveals that CGT expression is restricted to the oligodendrocyte-containing cell layers of cerebrum and cerebellum, which also express myelin basic protein [40].
• HPLC analysis of telencephalon and hypothalamus extracts combined with testosterone radioimmunoassay revealed the existence of two peaks coeluting with testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone [41].
• The present review provides an overview of the distribution of dopaminergic fibers and dopaminoceptive elements within the avian telencephalon, the possible interactions of dopamine (DA) with other biochemically identified systems as revealed by immunocytochemistry, and the involvement of DA in behavioral processes in birds [42].
• Northern blot analysis revealed that PD-I alpha transcript was abundantly present in cerebrum and cerebellum while its level was quite low in other tissues [43].

References