Disease relevance of Gh

• Line Gh (hghg) and line GH (HgHg) are from a line which had undergone long-term selection for high postweaning weight gain; line Ch (hghg) and line CH (HgHg) were extracted from the second backcross of Gh to C57BL/6J; line L54 (hghg) was from the sixth backcross to C57BL/6J (B6) (HgHg) [1].
• Growth hormone overexpression in the central nervous system results in hyperphagia-induced obesity associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia [2].
• Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I: effects on the growth of glioma cell lines [3].
• AIMS/BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) transgenic mice are known to develop hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas [4].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Growth hormone (GH) is used as therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the specific effects on intestine are unknown [5].

High impact information on Gh

• Growth hormone (GH) expression in pituitary-derived cells has been attributed to the presence of a positive trans-activator, GHF-1, which binds to two sites on the GH promoter [6].
• Growth hormone: species-specific stimulation of erythropoiesis in vitro [7].
• Growth hormone signaling mediated by the Stat5 transcription factors is impaired [8].
• Growth hormone-induced Jak2 phosphorylation was enhanced by siRNA-specific knockdown of PLCgamma1 [9].
• Growth hormone binds to its membrane receptor (GHR), whereby it regulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation and chemotaxis [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gh

• Growth hormone, with or without clenbuterol, induced an increase in body-weight growth and tail length growth; clenbuterol alone did not affect body-weight or tail length [10].
• Growth hormone modulates IL-alpha and IFN-gamma release by murine splenocytes activated by LPS or porins of Salmonella typhimurium [11].

Biological context of Gh

• Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation [12].
• Growth hormone-induced alteration in ErbB-2 phosphorylation status in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts [13].
• Growth hormone transgenes regulate the expression of sex-specific isoforms of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-->4-isomerase in mouse liver and gonads [14].
• Growth hormone (GH), acting through its receptor (GHR), is essential for somatic growth and development and maintaining metabolic homeostasis [15].
• Growth hormone (GH) and estradiol regulation of membrane-associated GH binding protein and GH receptors in GH releasing hormone transgenic mice [16].

Anatomical context of Gh

• Growth hormone (GH) participates in the postnatal regulation of skeletal muscle growth, although the mechanism of action is unclear [12].
• Growth hormone and epidermal growth factor in salivary glands of giant and dwarf transgenic mice [17].
• Growth hormone GH stimulates lipolysis in mature adipocytes and primary preadipocytes but promotes adipogenesis in preadipocyte cell lines [18].
• In the present study, we have investigated the effects of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) on the in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes [19].
• Growth hormone expression in murine bone marrow cells is independent of the pituitary transcription factor Pit-1 [20].

Associations of Gh with chemical compounds

• Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I treatment increase testicular luteinizing hormone receptors and steroidogenic responsiveness of growth hormone deficient dwarf mice [21].
• Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I enhance beta-glucuronidase gene activation by androgen in mouse kidney [22].
• Growth hormone alters methionine and glutathione metabolism in Ames dwarf mice [23].
• Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors I and II produce distinct alterations in glucose metabolism in 3T3-F442A adipocytes [24].
• Growth hormone promotes the differentiation of myoblasts and preadipocytes generated by azacytidine treatment of 10T1/2 cells [25].

Regulatory relationships of Gh

• Growth hormone synergizes with serum growth factors in inducing c-fos transcription in 3T3-F442A cells [26].
• Growth hormone enhances hepatic epidermal growth factor receptor concentration in mice [27].
• Growth hormone was found to stimulate SPI-LUC reporter gene expression via activation of STAT 5, but not STATs 1 or 3, which indicates that the SPI 2.1 STAT responsive element is STAT 5 specific [28].
• Growth hormone upregulates gastrin and peptide YY gene expression [29].
• Growth hormone-induced nuclear translocation of Stat-3 decreases with age: modulation by caloric restriction [30].

Other interactions of Gh

• The regulation by peptide hormones (Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Insulin) of cytokine secretion by splenocytes stimulated with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A was studied [31].
• Growth hormone is a positive regulator of adiponectin receptor 2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [32].
• Growth hormone and SOCS2 regulation of neuronal differentiation: possible role in mental function [33].
• Growth hormone and Pit-1 mRNA detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in adult and developing Ames dwarf mice [34].
• Growth hormone (GH) and 17beta-estradiol regulation of the expression of mouse GH receptor and GH-binding protein in cultured mouse hepatocytes [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gh

• BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have been implicated as pathogenic factors in compensatory renal growth (CRG) following unilateral nephrectomy in rodents [36].
• Growth hormone resistance: clinical states and animal models [37].
• Growth hormone (GH) as well as IGF-I significantly stimulated bone resorption by pre-existent osteoclasts in mouse bone cell cultures and these stimulatory effects were completely blocked by IGF-I Ab [38].
• Growth hormone and IGF-I significantly increased peritoneal exudative cell numbers and reduced viable bacterial counts in the peritoneal lavage fluid and the liver [39].
• The detrimental effect of larger body size on reproductive performance has been well documented in mouse models of overgrowth, such as Growth Hormone (GH) transgenics [40].

References