Disease relevance of Ginkgo biloba

• The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects and rescues hippocampal cells against nitric oxide-induced toxicity: involvement of its flavonoid constituents and protein kinase C [1].
• Neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 in cisplatin (cis-diamminedi-chloroplatinum, or CDDP)-induced peripheral neuropathy was investigated [2].
• The effect of an extract of Ginkgo biloba was studied on cerebral edema in rats intoxicated with triethyltin chloride (TET) [3].
• The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bilobalide, the postulated active constituent of Ginkgo biloba, on the release of glutamate elicited by hypoxia/hypoglycemia [4].
• HES 70, betahistine and ginkgo biloba compensated cochlear ischemia only during infusion; however, 30-60 min after termination of therapy, no significant difference of values for CoBF was observed compared to the untreated noise-exposed groups [5].

Psychiatry related information on Ginkgo biloba

• Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and gingko biloba [6].
• Pretreatment of rats with the extract of Ginkgo biloba termed EGb761 reduced the behavioral sensitization induced by successive D-amphetamine administrations (0.5 mg/kg) as estimated by increasing values of locomotor activity [7].
• The effects of melatonin and Ginkgo biloba extract on memory loss and choline acetyltransferase activities in the brain of rats infused intracerebroventricularly with beta-amyloid 1-40 [8].
• The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic and acute treatment by the Gingko biloba extract, EGb 761 (IPSEN, France) on olfactory short-term memory in rats, using a spontaneous recognition procedure [9].
• Aspirin, triflusal and Ginkgo biloba extract were associated with some stabilization of dementia progression, perhaps due to their antiplatelet effects [10].

High impact information on Ginkgo biloba

• We believe the beneficial effects of fish oil might be common to other agents, i.e., induce TTR expression, like nicotine and Ginkgo biloba extract [11].
• Inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 [12].
• Agents that have shown to be beneficial in animal models of PD include creatine, coenzyme Q(10), Ginkgo biloba, nicotinamide, and acetyl-L-carnitine [13].
• Coenzyme Q10, Gingko biloba, nicotinamide, riboflavin, carnitine, lipoic acid, and dichloroacetate are other agents which may have beneficial effects on energy metabolism, but the preclinical and clinical evidence for efficacy in neurological diseases remains limited [14].
• Finally, Gingko biloba was found to lower nuclear factor kappaB and activator protein 1 activation, possibly due to its high content of polyphenols [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ginkgo biloba

• For clarification of the beneficial effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) on triethyltin (TET) toxicity in rats, the phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities of the cerebral tissue were measured under in vitro and ex vivo conditions [16].
• The practical pharmacological approaches currently available to palliate the cognitive and functional losses in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) include cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI), antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E), anti-inflammatory agents, estrogen, seligiline, vasoactive agents, and ginkgo biloba [17].
• Hemorrhage and tendencies were noted in four cases with ginkgo use and in three cases with garlic; in none of these cases were patients receiving warfarin [18].
• Bilobalide, a component of the Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), protects against neuronal death in global brain ischemia and in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity [19].
• The therapeutic efficacy of Ginkgo extracts in Alzheimer's disease in placebo controlled clinical trials is reportedly similar to currently prescribed drugs such as tacrine or donepezil and, importantly, undesirable side effects of Gingko are minimal [20].

Biological context of Ginkgo biloba

• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) interactions include bleeding when combined with warfarin, raised blood pressure when combined with a thiazide diuretic and coma when combined with trazodone [21].
• AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two common herbal medicines, ginkgo and ginger, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin and the independent effect of these herbs on clotting status [22].
• Preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on apoptosis in rat cerebellar neuronal cells induced by hydroxyl radicals [23].
• Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract was examined on dissociated rat cerebellar neurons suffering from oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide using a flow cytometer and ethidium bromide [24].
• Previous studies suggest the protective potentiality of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) against apoptotic cell death induced by hydroxyl radicals, staurosporine, serum deprivation and beta-amyloid (betaA) peptide [25].

Anatomical context of Ginkgo biloba

• Protection of hypoxia-induced ATP decrease in endothelial cells by ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide [26].
• The effects of ginkgo supplementation on the steady-state plasma concentration of donepezil and the activity of cholinesterase in red blood cells and cognitive function were examined [27].
• The hypothesis was tested by application of GeneChips to define mRNA expressions of a human bladder cancer cell line incubated with a flavonoid containing extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves [28].
• In this study, the effect of ginkgolide B, one of the major constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract, on the release of endogenous glutamate from rat hippocampal nerve terminals (synaptosomes) was studied [29].
• This study was undertaken to determine the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on glucose-stimulated pancreatic beta-cell function in normal glucose-tolerant individuals [30].

Associations of Ginkgo biloba with chemical compounds

• Terpene trilactones from Ginkgo biloba are antagonists of cortical glycine and GABA(A) receptors [31].
• Recently, clinical trials have demonstrated potential benefits from treatment with the antioxidants, vitamin E, selegiline, extract of Gingko biloba, and idebenone [32].
• We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acetazolamide vs Ginkgo biloba for AMS prophylaxis [33].
• Quercetin (the main representative of the flavonol class, found at high concentrations in onions, apples, red wine, broccoli, tea, and Ginkgo biloba) influences some carcinogenesis markers and has small effects on plasma antioxidant biomarkers in vivo, although some studies failed to find this effect [34].
• Other antioxidants reported to affect cognitive function include ginkgo biloba, vitamin C, and lipoic acid [35].

Gene context of Ginkgo biloba

• The objective of this study was to assess in normal volunteers (n = 12) the influence of standardized Ginkgo biloba (GB) on the activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2D6 and 3A4 normal volunteers phenotyped as CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers [36].
• Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha [37].
• Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1 enzymes: Identification of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin as potent inhibitors of CYP1B1 [38].
• Additionally, Ginkgo biloba extract can decrease PCNA and increase p53 expression in HepG2 cells [39].
• Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by multiple constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract [40].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ginkgo biloba

• This analysis, coupled with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, permitted qualitative and overall quantitative evaluation of radical-induced damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), as well as evidence of the antioxidant properties of the Ginkgo biloba extract [41].
• METHODS: Using a randomised, double-blind, balanced, five-way crossover design, 20 participants who were overnight fasted and caffeine-deprived received 250 ml drinks containing 37.5 g glucose; 75 mg caffeine; ginseng and ginkgo biloba at flavouring levels; a whole drink (containing all these substances) or a placebo (vehicle) [42].
• Molecular cloning and expression profile analysis of Ginkgo biloba DXS gene encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, the first committed enzyme of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway [43].
• It is concluded that ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract by an NIDDM subject may increase the hepatic metabolic clearance rate of not only insulin but also the hypoglycemic agents [44].
• Identification of flavonoid metabolites after oral administration to rats of a Ginkgo biloba extract [45].

References