Disease relevance of Hong Kong

• We designed a prospective study in Hong Kong, China, to investigate the value of plasma EBV DNA as a prognostic factor for NPC [1].
• These isolates are antigenically similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, which was the source of the 1997 Hong Kong "bird flu" hemagglutinin gene, and all are highly pathogenic in chickens [2].
• Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) viruses and recombinant viruses derived from them revealed that each contains eight RNA segments, the fourth of which codes for hemagglutinin [3].
• In a surveillance study for CoV in noncaged animals from the wild areas of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, we identified a CoV closely related to SARS-CoV (bat-SARS-CoV) from 23 (39%) of 59 anal swabs of wild Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) by using RT-PCR [4].
• Hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by diverse point mutations of pyruvate kinase gene found in Japan and Hong Kong [5].

Psychiatry related information on Hong Kong

• The period prevalence (1984-91) of Huntington's disease (HD) in Hong Kong Chinese was 3.7 per million population [6].
• AIMS: To examine associations among depressive symptoms, smoking, smoking trajectories and quitting smoking in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal design, with wave 1 at baseline (T1) and wave 2 (T2) 12 months later [7].
• A study of 50 Chinese patients referred to the first lithium clinic in Hong Kong revealed a high prevalence of recurrent mania and rarely unipolar depression [8].
• Previous participation in outpatient methadone program and residential treatment outcome: a research note from Hong Kong [9].
• Poisoning by carbon monoxide from burning charcoal has become one of the popular and lethal ways of attempting suicide in Hong Kong. Survivors of the carbon monoxide poisoning often face acute and delayed adverse problems in both their physical and mental health [10].

High impact information on Hong Kong

• SARS: experience at Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong [11].
• The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine [12].
• Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong [13].
• The six internal genes of B/Yamanashi/166/98 were used as the backbone to generate 6 + 2 reassortants including the HA and NA gene segments from B/Victoria/504/2000, B/Hong Kong/330/2001, and B/Hawaii/10/2001 [14].
• The three-dimensional structures of avian H5 and swine H9 influenza hemagglutinins (HAs) from viruses closely related to those that caused outbreaks of human disease in Hong Kong in 1997 and 1999 were determined bound to avian and human cell receptor analogs [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hong Kong

• Vascular disease incidence of all categories was high in Native Americans though coronary heart disease incidence was relatively low in Pima Indians and absolutely low in Hong Kong and Tokyo patients [16].
• Serotypes 6A/B, 19F, and 23F accounted for 73% of 140 mucosal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Hong Kong. In pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, a group of related patterns was shared by 14 of 15 ciprofloxacin-resistant and 12 of 16 ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates [17].
• An electron microscopical study was made of the influenza virus, type B/Hong Kong, in the unstained, frozen, hydrated state after quench-freezing in cooled liquid ethane [18].
• The influenza virus inhibitor oseltamivir was run in parallel, and ribavirin was included in studies with the A/Shangdong and B/Hong Kong viruses [19].
• The haemagglutinin from the Hong Kong influenza virus A/Memphis/102/72 contains seven oligosaccharide units attached to asparagine residues 8, 22, 38, 81, 165 and 285 in the heavy chain (HA1) and to residue 154 in the light chain (HA2) [20].

Biological context of Hong Kong

• Protein C deficiency Hong Kong 1 and 2: hereditary protein C deficiency caused by two mutant alleles, a 5-nucleotide deletion and a missense mutation [21].
• A new haplotype of PDCD1 is associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Hong Kong Chinese [22].
• Epidemiology of IDDM in southern Chinese children in Hong Kong [23].
• The A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates were highly pathogenic in chickens but caused a longer mean death time and had altered cell tropism compared to A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97) [24].
• However, in the Chinese patients in Hong Kong, heterozygous FH appears to manifest in a way similar to that seen in Western countries or Japan. We studied sequence variations in the promoter and coding regions of the 18 exons of the LDL receptor gene in 30 Chinese FH patients [25].

Anatomical context of Hong Kong

• Direct detection of Epstein-Barr virus in peripheral blood and comparison of Epstein-Barr virus genotypes present in direct specimens and lymphoblastoid cell lines established from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and healthy carriers in Hong Kong [26].
• Between December 1979 and April 1982, 373 patients with untreated, undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx (NPC), 99 in Hong Kong, 120 in Tunis and 154 in Villejuif, entered a longitudinal study aimed at determining the clinical prognostic value of EBV serology after radiotherapy [27].
• Liver-cell dysplasia was identified in 60% of 558 cases of cirrhosis with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Chinese coming to necropsy in Hong Kong from 1963 to 1978 [28].
• Significant up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TNF-alpha, but not Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA, was detected in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with avian influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/483/97 (H5N1/97) or its precursor, A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 [29].
• Breast milk dioxins in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta [30].

Associations of Hong Kong with chemical compounds

• In the present study, we demonstrate that ERAD of the misfolded genetic variant-null Hong Kong alpha1-antitrypsin is enhanced by overexpression of the ER processing alpha1,2-mannosidase (ER ManI) in HEK 293 cells, indicating the importance of ER ManI in glycoprotein quality control [31].
• CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Relatively low arterial pressures and blood cholesterol are likely contributors to the notably low arterial disease rates in this Chinese diabetic cohort; they reflect low rates in the Chinese mainland general population and resemble the Tokyo and Hong Kong centres of the WHO MSVDD [32].
• Ten of the original centres (Warsaw, Berlin, Havana, Arizona, Oklahoma, Hong Kong, Switzerland, London, Tokyo, Zagreb) were able to identify the life/death status of their study participants on 1 January 1983, giving an average follow-up period of six to seven years [33].
• Rapid increase in the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in asymptomatic Hong Kong Chinese [34].
• Plasma testosterone levels during chronic heroin use and protracted astinence. A study of Hong Kong addicts [35].

Gene context of Hong Kong

• PURPOSE: This study evaluated the mutational profile of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS in non-small cell lung cancers in Hong Kong and determined their relation with smoking history and other clinicopathologic features [36].
• Associations between IL12B polymorphisms and tuberculosis in the Hong Kong Chinese population [37].
• Association of interferon gamma and interleukin 10 genes with tuberculosis in Hong Kong Chinese [38].
• Associations of IFN-gamma -179 (G/T), +874 (A/T), +875 miscrosatellite CA repeats and +4766 (C/T), and IL-10 -1082 (A/G), -819 (C/T) and -592 (C/A) with tuberculosis (TB) were investigated in 385 HIV-negative patients and 451 controls in a Hong Kong Chinese population [38].
• Hybridization of Southern blots revealed that far1 was not located on the chromosome or plasmid content of a limited number of Australian, UK and Hong Kong fusidic acid-resistant isolates [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hong Kong

• Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group [40].
• Cantonese-style salted fish as a cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a case-control study in Hong Kong [41].
• In hemagglutination-inhibition tests, some sera reacted to about the same titer with A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/Hong Kong/68 viruses, suggesting that these two strains were very closely related [42].
• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 228 subjects with IGT at baseline from the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factors Prevalence Study underwent repeat oral glucose tolerance testing after 2 years [43].
• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The results of 1,513 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) from a previously published prevalence survey of glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk factors in a Hong Kong Chinese working population were reexamined using the new criteria [44].

References