Disease relevance of Stomas

• In the presence of diarrhea or increased fluid loss through gastrointestinal stomas or fistulas, the copper requirements for total parenteral nutrition are 0.4--0.5 mg/day [1].
• The sac9 mutants have characteristics of a constitutive stress response, including dwarfism, closed stomata, and anthocyanin accumulation, and they overexpress stress-induced genes and overaccumulate reactive-oxygen species [2].
• This study demonstrates that AH induced by BII procedure is a reversible lesion and that the anomalous epithelial proliferation in the stoma may lead to adenocarcinomas [3].
• Extraperitoneal bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy with midline stoma for palliation of pelvic cancer [4].
• We present our experience with the use of submucosal implantation of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in patients with catheterizable stomas with urinary incontinence [5].

High impact information on Stomas

• Here we report that tobacco, a typical C3 plant, shows characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in cells of stems and petioles that surround the xylem and phloem, and that these cells are supplied with carbon for photosynthesis from the vascular system and not from stomata [6].
• Here we show that in a double mutant of phot1 and phot2 stomata do not respond to blue light although single mutants are phenotypically normal [7].
• In response to drought, plants synthesize the hormone abscisic acid, which triggers closing of stomata, thus reducing water loss [8].
• If H2O2 production is blocked, ABA-induced closure of stomata is inhibited [9].
• The Arabidopsis thaliana ABC transporter AtMRP5 controls root development and stomata movement [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Stomas

• Of six variables evaluated (previous procedure, steroid use, steroid dosage, associated Crohn's disease, associated procedures and diverting stoma), only associated procedures were significantly related to a successful outcome (P=0.008) [11].
• Weight loss patterns and revision rates in three sequential groups of patients with gastric bypasses and loop gastroenterostomies between 1965 and 1978 demonstrate the importance of a 50 ml volume of the upper segment measured at 25 to 30 cm water luminal pressure and a 10 to 12 mm diameter stoma [12].
• During the onset of water stress, analyses of the response of net carbon assimilation of leaves to their intercellular CO2 concentration were used to examine the potential limitations imposed by stomata, carboxylation velocity and capacity for regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate on photosynthesis [13].
• Enterobacter cloacae, sensitive to third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftazidime), was isolated from the stoma of a patient with leukaemia [14].
• Slight chlorosis and/or necrosis of the needle tips and stomatal areas, changes in the needle surface waxes and localization of S into needle tips and mesophyll cells around the stomata suggested the impact of S deposition, as did the calculations of St/Nt, and 'predicted' and 'excess' S [15].

Biological context of Stomas

• SDD1 overexpression in the wild type leads to a phenotype opposite to that caused by the sdd1-1 mutation, with a twofold to threefold decrease in stomatal density and the formation of arrested stomata [16].
• Reporter gene studies showed that AtMRP4 is highly expressed in stomata and that the protein is localized to the plasma membrane [17].
• The putative CML24 regulatory region confers reporter expression at sites of predicted mechanical stress; in regions undergoing growth; in vascular tissues and various floral organs; and in stomata, trichomes, and hydathodes [18].
• However, induction of CAM per se also has the potential for increasing the oxidative burden via the enhanced internal O2 concentrations that develop behind closed stomata during daytime decarboxylation [19].
• The effect of local anesthetic aerosol inhalation on the ventilatory response and the sensation of breathlessness to CO2 rebreathing was studied in seven healthy male subjects with permanent tracheal stomas after laryngectomy for carcinoma [20].

Anatomical context of Stomas

• During arc6 stomatal guard cell development the perturbation in proplastid population dynamics affects plastid segregation and 30% of stomata lack plastids in one or both guard cells [21].
• Non-GL2-expressing cell files in the hypocotyl epidermis located outside anticlinal cortical cell walls exhibit reduced cell length and form stomata [22].
• Estrogen and androgen receptors have been investigated in rat ventral prostate epithelium and stoma [23].
• All complications, namely formation of granulation tissue at the stoma (7), stoma infection (4), gastroesophageal reflux pneumonia (3), and pneumoperitoneum (1) were managed clinically [24].
• A physiological importance of the isomerization of zeaxanthin in the retina of an eye, photosynthetic apparatus and of the pigment active as a blue light photoreceptor in stomata is briefly discussed [25].

Associations of Stomas with chemical compounds

• We suggest that stomata sense changes in the intercellular CO2 concentration and thus the photosynthetic activity of the mesophyll via feedback regulation of anion efflux from guard cells through malate-sensitive GCAC1 [26].
• Guard cell [Ca2+]cyt increased, whereas pHcyt decreased after treatment of closed stomata with IAA, kinetin, or FC [27].
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been increasing in atmospheric concentration since the Industrial Revolution. A decreasing number of stomata on leaves of land plants still provides the only morphological evidence that this man-made increase has already affected the biosphere [28].
• Short asbestos fibers (90.6% less than or equal to 2 mu in length), silica, or titanium dioxide particles (less than or equal to 5 mu in diameter) were cleared through these stomata without provoking an inflammatory reaction or mesothelial injury [29].
• Our results suggest that guard cells infected by pathogens may close their stomata via a pathway involving H(2)O(2) production, thus interfering with the continuous invasion of pathogens through the stomatal pores [30].

Gene context of Stomas

• Stomata of the cry1 cry2 double mutant showed reduced blue light response, whereas those of the CRY1-overexpressing plants showed hypersensitive response to blue light [31].
• Both NEC and stoma samples expressed MMP-9 in inflammatory cells [32].
• In the RLK902 pro::GUS transgenic lines, GUS activity was strong in the root tips, lateral root primordia, stipules, and floral organ abscission zones, while the RKL1 promoter activity was dominant in the stomata cells, hydathodes and trichomes of young rosette leaves, and floral organ abscission zones [33].
• In the stomata, transcripts of AtPDR8 were particularly frequent in the cells surrounding air spaces [34].
• The mesothelial cells of the milky spots showed higher ICAM-1 levels than did those of other omental regions, and fibronectin was detected in the stomata [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Stomas

• Neostigmine has been found to decrease lymphatic absorption in rats, presumably by causing constriction of the lymphatic stomata [36].
• Gastroscopy and insertion of a jejunal feeding tube via a PEG stoma with 5-mm neonatal endoscope (Olympus GIF N30) [37].
• A sensitive and selective HPLC method was developed for the quantification of the neuromuscular blocking agent rocuronium and its putative metabolites (the 17-desacetyl derivative and the N-desallyl derivative of rocuronium) in plasma, urine, bile, tissue homogenates and stoma fluid [38].
• First, the cosmetic position of the incision is particularly attractive to the young population affected by Crohn's. Second, the Pfannenstiel incision preserves fresh tissue in the midline, right, and left lower quadrants in the event that reoperation or stoma placement are required in the future owing to recurrent disease [39].
• Blood perfusion was measured in the proximal and distal bowel stomas before pedicle division (control) and 24 hours later using hydrogen gas clearance and fluorescein dye [40].

References